Vol. 6; Supplement
Page 71
THE VELIGER
Distribution and Utilization of Gastropod Shells
by the Hermit Crabs
Pagurus samuelis.
Pagurus granosimanus, and Pagurus hirsutiusculus
at Pacific Grove, California
MELODY BOLLAY
Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University,
Pacific Grove, California
(6 Text figures; 1 Table)
SEVERAL SPECIES OF Pagurus occur in the rocky intertidal
cheliped very dark brown contrasting with the lighter
zone at Pacific Grove, California. The majority of the
brown of the rest of the leg. In general, both P samuelis
larger hermit crabs are found in shells of Tegula funebralis
and P granosimanus are relatively large, reaching an
(A. ADAMS, 1854), this being the only snail in the area
overall extended length of 6 and 7 cm, respectively, where-
which is both large enough and abundant enough to
as P hirsutiusculus is a smaller species, not frequently
supply the larger pagurids with homes. It therefore ap
exceeding 4 cm in length.
pears that the T funebralis population might be one of
To study the distribution problem, transects were
the factors limiting the hermit crab population. In in¬
taken running seaward from the shore in three different
quiring into the relationship between snail and crab
areas:
tried to determine the following: (1
What species of
Area A. Rocky exposed coast, rich in algal growth.
Pagurus are present, how are these distributed, what
Area B. Large granite outcrop with rough surf and surge,
factors influence this distribution? (2) What shells are
barnacles and mussels predominate.
used by the different species and how does this correlate
Area C. Semi-protected rocky area, rich in algal growth.
with the size and distribution of the T. funebralis popu-
(see WARA, W., & B. WRIGHT, 1964, for detailed
lation?
descriptions and profiles of these areas.)
The hermit crabs collected intertidally at the Hopkins
In each transect, samples were collected at two meter
Marine Station, Pacific Grove were identified using the
intervals, starting at the shore. The first 100 hermit crabs
descriptions in SCHMITT (1921). The following species
seen at each site were taken, or as many as could be
were found: Pagurus samuelis (STIMPSON, 1857), P
found if 100 were not present. Collecting was not done
granosimanus (STIMPSON, 1859), and P hirsutiusculus
at low tide, since at that time the hermit crabs are most
(DANA, 1857). Of the 1873 hermit crabs collected, 50%
difficult to find, being hidden under rocks and in crevices.
were P samuelis, 40% P hirsutiusculus, and only 10%
The hours immediately preceding or following a low
were P granosimanus. Samples included both young and
tide are better, when water covers most areas yet is
adult specimens from each species. The young were identi-
shallow enough to allow collecting. Results are shown
fied by using a series of animals of graded size for each
in Figures 1 and 2.
species, and noting color patterns on both antennae and
Of the three species, Pagurus samuelis was the only
body. Identifying characteristics for the younger hermit
one found at the highest levels in the intertidal, while
crabs are as follows: P samuelis - red antennae and either
both P granosimanus and P hirsutiusculus occupied lower
white or blue bands on the walking legs; P granosimanus
regions, areas usually covered by water. In area C, the
like adult in color; P hirsutiusculus - dark olive-green
P samuelis represent the only hermit crabs found both
antennae striped with white, ambulatory legs striped with
close to shore and at the outer part of the transect
white (never with blue), merus on both large and small
because of a large rock outcropping at the outer margin.
Vol. 6; Supplement
Page 72
THE VELIGER
100 87 100 100 94
4
47 97
84 100
XX
00
Pagurus samuelis
—X—

40

Pagurus hirsutiusculus
Pagurus

granosimanus
—
Profile of Area A

ML
—
Sea
Distance from shore (Meters)
Shore
Figure 1: Relative Abundance of Three Pagurus Species
in Area A
Collecting was done on two consecutive days, May 8 and 9, 1963, the first sunny and the second overcast, from 6:15
a. m. to 10:00 a. m. and from 7:00 a. m. to 10:30 a. m. respectively. This was from the low tide until it became
too rough to collect. No sample size
The P hirsutiusculus and the P granosimanus are again
Pagurus samuelis was found up to a height of about
concentrated in the deeper lying regions, which this
4 feet but in far fewer numbers, sample sizes at each
collecting station averaging 10.1 for this transect as a
time are in the center of the transect. As shown by the
whole. Of the 97 Pagurus collected, only 44.3% were P
sample size (N) there were far fewer hermit crabs at
the higher sites along the transect, all that were found
samuelis, 55.7% were P hirsutiusculus.
Since the differences in distribution might reflect dif¬
being taken, whereas in the lower areas there was no
difficulty in finding 100 for the sample.
ferences in ability to withstand the effects of exposure, an
experiment was conducted to see if there was any differ-
What can be seen intuitively in these first two graphs
that the three species are probably distributed dif¬
ence in the survival between the three species when
ferentially with respect to height — is clearly illustrated
exposed out of water in daylight. The bottoms of three
plastic dishpans were covered with dry sand. Each pan
in Figure 3, in which the data from areas A and C are
received 30 hermit crabs of one species. The Pagurus
combined and species distribution is plotted against verti¬
cal position in the intertidal. Above 1.2 m only Pagurus
samuelis and P granosimanus used were all large adult
samuelis is found, while this species represents over 50%
specimens. The P hirsutiusculus, while adults, were
of all the hermit crabs found at 0.6 m. With increasing
necessarily smaller. The data are shown in Figure 4.
depth the proportion of P samuelis declines while that of
From this test it appears that P hirsutiusculus and P
both P granosimanus and P hirsutiusculus increases.
granosimanus are less able to survive exposure than P
samuelis; the smaller individuals died sooner on exposure
The data from area B (not shown) confirm these
findings, but in this transect Pagurus granosimanus was
out of water than the larger ones. Although more ex-
entirely absent; however, P hirsutiusculus was found at
periments would be desirable, these results suggest that
the lowest extremity of this steep transect and in approxi¬
differences in the ability to withstand exposure help to
matcly the same numbers as in the other two areas.
explain the differences in distribution of the three species.
Page 73
Vol. 6; Supplement
THE VELIGER
106 6 96 2 32 24 0 4
— 109 93 103
109 2
—
—
X
00
Pagurus samuelis
60
40

Pagurus hirsutiusculus  Pagurus
20

granosimanu


Profile of Area C
O

MLLN
13 15 17 8 20 22 24 26 28 30
Sea
Distance from shore (Meters)
Shore
Figure 2
Collecting was done on two consecutive days, May 16 and 17, 1963, both cloudy, from 9:00 a. m. to 12:10 p. m. and
from 9:30 a. m. to 12:30 p. m., respectively. This was from a period just preceding low tide up until low tide.
N = sample size; (—) = no sample taken
noted previously that the smaller P samuelis seemed less
Ne
295 - 100 493 497 - 92
able to survive exposure. That the smaller specimens seem
o0-
also to live higher in the intertidal is not necessarily a
Nagurus samuelis
contradiction because the small hermit crabs (1) are not
found exposed, but rather stay under rocks, etc., and
80
(2) are more readily able to find such protection than
the larger Pagurus which stay in areas where they are
60
usually submerged.
Pagurus
In the field it was noted that the majority of the larger
hirsutiusculus
hermit crabs occupied Tegula funebralis shells. Figure 5
Pagurus granosimanus
compares the use made of various shells by the three
to
species. It would appear that both Pagurus granosimanus
and P samuelis are extremely dependent on T. funebralis

- -
for homes, since 89% and 76%, respectively, are found
in these shells. REESE (1962) reports that larger P granosi-
manus in southern California were usually found in large
Height in meters
Tegula shells, and suggests this was because, of the shells
available, only those of Tégula were large enough to
Figure 3: Relative Abundance of Pagurus Species at
accommodate the larger crabs. Of all the P hirsutiusculus,
Different Elevations, Areas A and C.
however, only 10.9% occupy T funebralis shells. This
-) — no sample taken
N = sample size;
latter species is much more dependent on a number of
smaller snails including Littorina spp., Calliostoma spp.,
Of the commonest pagurid, Pagurus samuelis, the
Epitonium spp., Mitrella spp., Homalopoma spp., etc. In
smaller individuals generally live higher up in the inter-
area B, however, the situation is interestingly different.
tidal, the largest members only deeper down. It was
Page 74
Vol. 6; Supplement
THE VELIGER
collected from the three transects, 73.9% were inhabited
laate
—XX—
by Pagurus samuelis, 17.5% by P granosimanus, and 8.5%
by P hirsutiusculus. It is quite obvious that most of the 7.
funebralis shells are used by the two larger species of
hermit crabs while the smaller shells (“other") are 94.6%
20
occupied by P hirsutiusculus.
Pagurus
The shells utilized by different sizes of hermit crabs
samuelis
vary also in size. Although the hermit crabs were not
measured directly, they were divided into three classes
on the basis of the sizes of the shells occupied. Shell sizes
in different species of snails were compared by taking the
Pagurus
maximum basal diameter of the shells. This gives only
Pagurus
granosimanus
hirsutiusculus
an approximate measurement of the size of the shell and
OL
of the crabs within, because (1) any given shell can be
occupied by hermit crabs of a certain range of sizes, and
13:30
14:30
16:30
5:30
(2) shell sizes, as indicated by basal diameter measure¬
Hours exposure and time of day
ments, allow only a rough size comparison when applied
to shells of different species of snails. Nevertheless, the
shell measurements indicate the size of the pagurid inside
Figure 4: Survival of Pagurus Species on Exposure
well enough to allow us to separate the crabs into large,
to Air and Sunlight
medium, and small size groups. Data on species of snail
shells occupied by pagurids of different size ranges are
Of the P hirsutiusculus found, none were in T funebralis
shown in Table 1. Obviously, the larger the hermit crabs
shells, while much greater use was made of Littorina and
grow, the more dependent they become on the Tégula
Thais shells than in the other two areas.
funebralis population for homes.
Figure 6 shows the relative utilization, by the three
This raises the interesting question: do Pagurus grano¬
species of hermit crabs, of various shells which are
simanus and P samuelis achieve sexual maturity before
common in the locality. For instance, of all the Tegula
they reach a size too large to fit into any shells but those
funebralis shells occupied by hermit crabs which were
Pagurus samuelis
ta-













N -189
Pagurus granosimanus









N - 75
Pagurus hirsutiusculus




.....

40%
50% 60%
70% 80%
90%
0% 10% 20%
30%
Tegula funebralis
Acanthina spirata
&am
NTegula brunned
Thais emarginata
Littorina spp.
Other species: Colliostoma spp, Epitonium spp,
Mitrella spp, Homalopoma spp, etc.
N = Sample size
Figure 5: Comparison of Shells Occupied by Three
Species of Pagurus
Page 75
Vol. 6; Supplement
THE VELIGER
area. The P samuelis here make much greater use of
of Tegula funebralis, locally? Information could not be
Thais and Littorina shells — these snails being found in
obtained on P granosimanus, but for P samuelis specimens
much greater abundance here than in the other areas.
as small as 1.1 cm total extended length have been
Perhaps, then, the two larger species of Pagurus are
collected bearing eggs. Animals this size are not heavily
limited by the lack of suitable shells even though a few
dependent on T funebralis (see Table 1) since they can
P samuelis were found here. It is possible that the reason
easily fit into shells less than 1.0 cm in greatest basal
no P granosimanus were found in this area was that they
diameter. Since sexual maturity is, in P samuelis, attained
do not reach sexual maturity until they have attained
relatively early, this species (like P hirsutiusculus) is
a much larger size; however, this was not determined.
probably able to survive and reproduce in areas where
shells suitable to house larger individuals are not avail¬
Table 1
able. However, the number of eggs borne by the smaller
sizes of P samuelis is very much less than the number
Greatest Basal Shell Diameter
produced by a fully grown specimen. Therefore, repro¬
§1.0 cm 1.0 to 2.0 cm 2.0 to 3.0 cm
ductive potential in the absence of large (e. g. T. funeb-
N =488
N = 289
N = 107
Tegula
ralis) shells would be lower.
% = 15.6
% = 94.4
% = 83.7
funebralis
Area B, as cited already, differed from the other two
N=
N =
Tegula
transects. Insufficient food could explain its small popu¬
% =
% = 5.3
brunnea
%0 =
lation. Another possible factor, however, might be the
N=
N =
N=
Thais spp.
lack of available shells for use as homes. The Tegula
% = 0.3
% =
% =
funebralis population in this area is relatively small (see
N=
Acanthina spp. N =
N=
WARA, W, & B. WRIGHT, 1964). The number of Pagurus
% -
% = 0
% = 0.7
hirsutiusculus is not noticeably less — and this is the one
N =
N =202
N=
Littorina spp.
species of the three that does not rely heavily on T.
% = 29
% =0
%0 =
funebralis shells for homes. On the other hand, there are
N = 330
N = 15
N=
Other species
relatively few P samuelis and no P granosimanus in this
90 — 0
% =47.4
% = 2.5
N- 99
267



E




Pagurus hirsutiusculus
Pagurus granosimanus
S

Pagurus samuelis

Figure 6: Utilization of Shells by Pagurus in Areas
A, B, and C.
Page 76
THE VELIGER
Vol. 6; Supplement
SUMMARY
5. Both Pagurus samuelis and P hirsutiusculus attain
sexual maturity at a relatively small size and thus are not
1. Of the three species of hermit crabs found in the
completely dependent on Tegula funebralis for the sur-
intertidal zone at Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove.
vival and reproduction of the species. However, when
Pagurus samuelis is the only one encountered at positions
larger shells are not available the reproduction potential
higher than about 1.2 m, P hirsutiusculus and P granosi-
in P samuelis may be greatly reduced since the smaller
manus being found lower.
individuals produce far fewer eggs than the larger ones.
2. Of the three species, Pagurus samuelis appears to be
able to survive exposure out of water better than the other
LITERATURE CITED
two. Adults of P hirsutiusculus are least able to withstand
exposure to air in sunlight.
REESE, ERNST
3. The three species make use of various shells to different
1962. Shell selection behavior of hermit crabs. Animal
degrees. Eighty-nine % of the Pagurus granosimanus and
Behaviour 10: 347 -360
75.9% of the P samuelis collected occupied Tegula funeb-
SCHMITT, WALDO L.
ralis shells, whereas, the smaller P hirsutiusculus tended
1921. Marine decapods of California. Univ. Calif. Publ.
to occupy shells of smaller snails such as Epitonium,
Zool. 23: 1 - 470; plts. 1 - 50; 165 text figs.
Mitrella, Homalopoma, etc., to a greater degree.
WARA, WILLIAM M., & BENJAMIN B. WRIGHT
4. The bigger pagurid individuals are largely dependent
1964. The distribution and movement of Tegula funebralis in
on Tegula funebralis for homes whereas the smaller sized
the intertidal region, Monterey Bay, California (Mollusca:
Gastropoda). The Veliger 6; Supplement: 30 - 37; 9 text figs.
hermit crabs are not, and occupy a variety of small shells.
Page 77
Vol. 6; Supplement
THE VELIGER
Studies on Mollusk Populations
VI. — Tegula funebralis (A. ADAMS, 1855
(Mollusca : Gastropoda)
RUDOLF STOHLER
Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
(5 Text figures)
ON pages 316 and 317 of the Proceedings of the Zoological
No illustrations were available for the typical species or
Society of London for the year 1854 (published on May
for the variant until DALL in WILLIAMSON (1892) gave
8, 1855) A. ADAMS described our common intertidal black
the first figure of a specimen which is presumed to be
the type of CARPENTER's variety (see Figure 1). As the
turban as follows:
description by CARPENTER (l.c., p. 652) is inadequate for
25. CHLOROSTOMA FUNEBRALE, A. Adams. C. testa
turbinata, imperforata, nigra, glabra, longitudinal-
iter oblique striata, ad suturas crenulata, anfractibus
convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, basi planiusculo,
regione umbilicali valde impressa, callo albo obtecta;
columella superne sinuata, antice bituberculata, tu¬
berculo supremo prominente; labro nigro marginato.
Hab. California. (Mus. Cuming.)
This species is somewhat like C. moestum, Jonas, but
the spiral callus surrounding the umbilicus is not
prominent as in that species.

It is to be stressed that he clearly stated it to be imper¬
forate. CARPENTER (1864) distinguished a variety which
Figure 1: Copy of figure 6, plate 21, Proceedings United
he named subapertum (pp. 627 and 652) :
6. Chlorostoma
States National Museum, volume 15:
21. Chlorostoma funebrale (et var. subapertum. One
funebrale A. Adams, variety subapertum Cpr., basal view
sp.).
of type specimen showing umbilical pit; 30 millimeters,
123496”
77 b. Chlorostoma funebrale, var. subapertum, with
umbilical pit.
a decision as to what constituted a pit in his view, we must
This variety, apparently based on a single shell, may be
rely on DALL’s figure to be indeed the type figure; if we
assumed to be from the "Vancouver district," specifically
assume this to be correct, then an umbilical pit may be
from "Neeah Bay, W. T" (CARPENTER, l. c., pp. 626, 627).
stated to be a shallow but distinct depression in the
What was then the Washington Territory is now the State
umbilical area.
of Washington. From CARPENTER's account, however, it
As indicated previously (STOHLER, 1950), the presence
is not entirely clear where exactly the variant shell came
or absence of an umbilical opening, pit or depression may
from since it was contained in one of many boxes of shells
vary greatly in any given population of certain species of
received from the ardent collector, Swan, who, moreover.
Tégula. Similar results were obtained in a study of popula-
"trained the native children to pick up shore-shells in
tions of Tégula rugosa (A. ADAMS, 1853) (STOHLER,
large quantities."
1963).
Vol. 6; Supplement
Page 78
THE VELIGER
Table 1
Relative Frequency of Deep Umbilical Pits in Populations of Tegula funebralis from the Eastern Pacific


Baja California (Mexico)
Santa Cruz County
Santa Cruz
Punta Banda
Scott Creek
La Mision
Rio Guadalupe
San Mateo County
Punta Mesquite
Pigeon Point
Punta Piedra
Pillar Point
Rosarito Beach
Frenchman's Reef
Moss Beach
California
Marin County
San Diego County
Duxbury Reef
Point Loma
Drakes Estero
Flood Control Channel
Tomales Point
La Jolla
Sonoma County
Orange County
Bodega
Dana Point
Carmet by the Sea
Los Angeles County
Shell Beach
Point Fermin
Russian Gulch I
White’s Point
Salt Point
Ventura County
Horseshoe Point
Stewarts Point
San Nicolas Island
Rincon Beach
Del Mar Point
Santa Barbara County
Mendocino County
Santa Rosa Island
Havens Neck
Arena Cove
San Miguel Island
Gaviota
Government Point
Fort Bragg
Hardy
San Luis Obispo County
Humboldt County
Morro Bay
Cayucos
S. of Cape Mendocino
Moonstone Beach
Del Norte County
San Simeon
1 mi S. of Oregon Border
Montercy County
at Oregon Border
Soberanes Point
Yankee Point
Subtotal:
Point Lobos
Point Buchon
Mission Point
Cannada Tecelate
Spanish Bay
Total:
285 28
Monterey Harbor

465
596
Page 79
Vol. 6; Supplement
THE VELIGER
In the collection of the Department of Zoology of the
Table 3
University of California in Berkeley there is a number of
Population of Tegula funebralis from West of Canada
small lots of Tegula funebralis from the shore of the
Tecelate, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Barbara County
Eastern Pacific extending from Lower California to the
(Measurements in millimeters)
northern border of California. A total of 596 shells was
examined for the presence or absence of an umbilical pit.
flat shallow
deep
This examination revealed that T. funebralis is indeed im
36.1
41.2
35.5
height
perforate exactly as ADAMS stated, for not a single speci¬
largest
30.7
width
31.4
31.0
men in the 55 lots studied had an open umbilicus
173
height
11.2
11.0
However, it was also noted that a deep umbilical pit
smallest
20.8
width
11.8
13.4
could be observed in many lots regardless of the place of
origin (see Table 1) ; this was true for 13 of the 55 lots
examined; a shallower pit was seen in 47 of the 55 lots,
collection, having a deep umbilical pit, is from Rio
all of the previously mentioned 13 lots also containing such
Guadalupe, Baja California, Mexico, and measures 17.0
specimens. On the other hand, only 7 of these lots showed
mm in diameter. It is perhaps worth noting that the pro-
a complete absence of specimens with an entirely flat
portion of shells with a deep umbilical pit to the total
umbilical area.
population is fairly constant, i.e. 4%, while "flat" and
It is my impression that had larger samples been taken
"shallow" vary from approximately 85:10 (at Point
in all localities the three types of umbilical areas (i. e
Buchon) to 52:42 (at Canada Tecelate). The percentage
deep pit, shallow pit, and smooth area) would have been
of shells with the deep pit seems to remain fairly constant
found to be more evenly distributed. Unfortunately, at the
in all populations, that is if we may make this deduction
time these collections were made the problem of the
based on the two larger samples just discussed, either
umbilical area was not considered and usually only very
separately or together, or basing the assumption on the
small samples were retained as indicators of the presence
total figures of all samples studied.
of Tegula funebralis in a particular locality. Through the
Two other observations were made during this partic-
generous cooperation of Mr. Glen Bickford from the
ular study. The first one is that the sculpture of the whorls
California Department of Fish and Game I have been
is fairly constant throughout the range of distribution of
able to examine two larger lots, one from the mainland
the species; the "aureotincta" sculpture, as discussed in
shore in San Luis Obispo County and one from Santa
connection with Tegula brunnea (PHILIPPI, 1848) (STOH-
Rosa Island. These two lots I considered large enough for
LER, 1958) and T rugosa (STOHLER, 1963) has not been
taking some measurements (see Tables 2 and 3). Measure-
seen in any specimen; not even the faintest indication of
such a sculpture has been noticed, although I paid special
Table 2
attention to this feature of the shell.
Population of Tegula funebralis from about ½ mile North
of Point Buchon, San Luis Obispo County
(Measurements in millimeters)
flat shallow deep
height
31.4
26.5
25.9
largest
width
31.7
27.4
4.5
height
12.9
21.5
smallest
width
6.1 15.4 23.5
ments of height in T funebralis cannot be considered
significant, generally speaking, because of the varying
degrees of corrosion. More reliance may be put on the
largest diameter of the shell.
Scanning Tables 2 and 3 one must gain the impression
Figure 2: Tegula funebralis (A. ADAMS, 1855).
that a deep umbilical pit is limited to large (that is, older)
Duxbury Point, Marin County, California. Oct. 30, 1947.
shells. But studying the smaller lots in the collection this
Lateral aspect. ex Coll. Dept. Zool., Univ. Calif., Berkeley.
impression is dissipated. The smallest specimen in the
(X 1)
Page 80
Vol. 6; Supplement
THE VELIGER
ecological conditions similar to those at Duxbury Reef
The second observation is, however, of a more positive
nature. At Duxbury Reef in Marin County a large pro-
seem to prevail. On the other hand, in general collections
of Tegula funebralis, covering wide ranges of its distri-
portion of the Tegula funebralis shells encountered are
bution, such as are housed in the California Academy of
Sciences in San Francisco, these large, high specimens can
be readily picked out; when the museum label is examined
it is found to read "Baulinas," "Bolinas" or "Duxbury.
all three being, to some collector or other, the same spot.

Figure 3: Same shell as shown in Figure 2.
Ventral aspect. ex Coll. Dept. Zool., Univ. Calif., Berkeley.
(X 1)

unusually high (Figures 2, 3) ; rough estimates made in
the field vary slightly, depending on certain closely cir-
Figure 5: Same shell as shown in Figure 4.
cumscribed areas scrutinized. In the sandy areas, devoid
Ventral aspect. ex Coll. Dept. Zool., Univ. Calif., Berkeley.
of all rocks, no T funebralis are encountered, except very
(X 1)
rarely a stray specimen ploughing through the sand on its
way from one rocky area to another one. In areas with
For the same reason as given in our previous papers,
small rocks up to the size of a large fist, Tegulas abound
cited above, we do not consider the variety subapertum
to be taxonomically valid; it is merely a variant, perhaps
and here the proportion of the high forms is estimated
at the end of the range of variability for the particular
at about 40% of the total number; these rocky areas are
bounded by large rocks forming actual reefs; Tegulas
character, but still one that is difficult to define exactly
since what is a “depression" in the umbilical area must
inhabiting this particular environment seem to comprise a
remain open to a very subjective appraisal by the observer.
larger percentage of high shells, probably as many as
On the other hand, a decision whether the Duxbury
75% or even more being of the type shown in Figure 2.
variant should be considered a taxonomically valid sub¬
The other members of these various Tegula populations
species must be deferred, I think, until breeding experi¬
conform to the more usual shape pattern (see Figures 2
ments can be conducted to ascertain whether this is a
and 5).
heritable character, unaffected by environmental factors,
It seems plausible that these high forms represent an
or a character influenced only by some as yet unrecognized
ecological variant, although I have not seen similar shells
in any other collecting station along the coast of California
environmental condition.
and Lower California, even though in one or two places
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The illustrations reproduced here are the product of the
fine artistic skill of Mrs. Emily Reid, Staff Artist in the
Department of Zoology. I also wish to express my appreci-
ation to Mr. Glen Bickford, not only for his generous

donation of the shells discussed here, but also for many

other sizable lots and numerous important data, which, it
is hoped, will be used in a forthcoming study.
LITERATURE CITED
Figure 4: Tegula funebralis (A. ADAMS, 1855).
ADAMS, ARTHUR
Mission Point, Carmel, Monterey County, California.
1855. Descriptions of twenty-seven new species of shells from
November 13, 1947.
the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon¬
Lateral aspect. ex Coll. Dept. Zool., Univ. Calif., Berkeley.
don 22: 311 -317
(8 May 1855)
(X 1)
Vol. 6; Supplement
Page 81
THE VELIGER
CARPENTER, PHILIP PEARSALL
1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our know-
ledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North
America. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1863: 517 - 686
DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY in M. BURTON WILLIAMSON
1892. An annotated list of the shells of San Pedro Bay and
vicinity with a description of two new species by W. H. Dall.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 15: 179 -220; plts. 19 - 23
STOHLER, RUDOLF
1950. Studies on mollusk populations: I.
Tegula gallina
Nautilus 64 (2) : 47-51 (October 1950)
(FORBES)
1958. Studies on mollusk populations: IIla Tegula brunnea
(PHILIPPI) Nautilus 71 (4) : 129 - 131; 1 text fig
(April 1958)
1963. Studies on mollusk populations V. — Tegula rugosa
(A. ADAMS, 1853) The Veliger 5 (3) : 117 -121; 4 text
(1 January 1963)


W
Vol. 6; Supplement
Page 82
THE VELIGER
THE CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGIGAL SOCIETY, Inc.
Backnumbers of
is a non-profit educational corporation (Articles of In¬
THE VELIGER
corporation No. 463389 were filed January 6, 1964 in
and other publications
the office of the Secretary of State). The Society publishes
Volumes 1 and 2 are out of print
a scientific quarterly, the VELIGER. Donations to the
Volume 3: §.
Volume 4: 85.-
Volume 5: 85.-
Society are used to pay a part of the production costs and
Volume 6: 87.-
thus to keep the subscription rate at a minimum. Donors
Subscription to Volume 7: §7.50 domestic; §7.90 in the
may designate the Fund to which their contribution is
to be credited: Operating Fund (available for current
Americas; 88.10 all other foreign countries.
production) ; Savings Fund (available only for specifiec
Supplement to volume 3: § 3.- plus § -.25 postage
purposes, such as publication of especially long and signi¬
(plus § -.12 sales tax for California residents only)
ficant papers) ; Endowment Fund (the income from
Opisthobranch Mollusks of California
which is available. The principal is irrevocably dedicated
by Prof. Ernst Marcus
to scientific and educational purposes). Unassigned dona¬
Please, note: Back numbers sold in complete volumes only
tions will be used according to greatest need.
with a handling charge of § -.25 on each order; sub-
Contributions to the C. M. S., Inc. are deductible by
scriptions for the current volume accepted until March 15
donors as provided in section 170 of the Internal Revenue
of each year and on a per volume basis only. Send orders
Code (for Federal income tax purposes). Bequests, lega¬
with remittance to:
cies, gifts, devices are deductible for Federal estate and
Mrs. Jean M. Cate, Manager, 12719 San Vicente Boule-
gift tax purposes under section 2055, 2106, and 2522 of
vard, Los Angeles, Calif. 90049. Please, make checks
the Code. The Treasurer of the C. M. S., Inc. will issue
payable to C. M. S., Inc.
suitable receipts which may be used by Donors to substan-
tiate their respective tax deductions.
Shipments of material ordered are generally made within
The Veliger is mailed free to all members of
two weeks after receipt of remittance.
THE CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Inc.
Backnumbers of the current volume will be mailed to new
Membership open to all individuals; no institutional
subscribers, as well as to those who renew late, on the
memberships. Dues for the fiscal year 1964/65 (beginning
first working day of the month following receipt of the
July 1): §5.- plus a postage fee of §-40 for members
remittance. The same policy applies to new members.
living in the Americas outside of the U. S. A., and §-.60
for members living in other foreign countries. Please, send
for membership application forms to the Manager
or the Editor.
THE VELIGER is open to original papers pertaining to any problem
concerned with mollusks.
This is meant to make facilities available for publication of original
articles from a wide field of endeavor. Papers dealing with anatomical,
cytological, distributional, ecological, histological, morphological, phys¬
iological, taxonomic, etc., aspects of marine, freshwater or terrestrial
mollusks from any region, will be considered. Even topics only indi-
rectly concerned with mollusks may be acceptable. In the unlikely event
that space considerations make limitations necessary, papers dealing
with mollusks from the Pacific region will be given priority. However,
in this case the term "Pacific region" is to be most liberally interpreted.
It is the editorial policy to preserve the individualistic writing style of
the author; therefore any editorial changes in a manuscript will be sub-
mitted to the author for his approval, before going to press.
Short articles containing descriptions of new species or lesser taxa will
be given preferential treatment in the speed of publication provided
that arrangements have been made by the author for depositing the
holotype with a recognized public Museum. Museum numbers of the
type specimens must be included in the manuscript. Type localities
must be defined as accurately as possible, with geographical longitudes
and latitudes added.
Short original papers, not exceeding 500 words, will be published in
the column "NOTES & NEWS"; in this column will also appear notices
of meetings of the American Malacological Union, as well as news items
which are deemed of interest to our subscribers in general. Articles on
"METHODS & TECHNIQUES" will be considered for publication in
another column, provided that the information is complete and tech-
niques and methods are capable of duplication by anyone carefully fol¬
lowing the description given. Such articles should be mainly original
and deal with collecting, preparing, maintaining, studying, photo¬
graphing, etc., of mollusks or other invertebrates. A third column, en-
titled"INFORMATION DESK," will contain articles dealing with any
problem pertaining to collecting, identifying, etc., in short, problems
encountered by our readers. In contrast to other contributions, articles
in this column do not necessarily contain new and original materials.
Questions to the editor, which can be answered in this column, are in-
vited. The column "BOOKS, PERIODICALS, PAMPHLETS" will
attempt to bring reviews of new publications to the attention of our
readers. Also, new timely articles may be listed by title only, if this is
deemed expedient.
Manuscripts should be typed in final form on a high grade white
paper, 8½2" by 11", double spaced and accompanied by a carbon copy.
EDITORIAL BOARD
DR. DONALD P ABBOTT, Professor of Biology
Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University
DR. J. WYATT DURHAM, Professor of Paleontology
University of California, Berkeley
DR. E. W. FAGER, Associate Professor of Biology
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, La Jolla (San Diego)
DR. CADET HAND, Professor of Zoology and
Director, Bodega Marine Laboratory
University of California, Berkeley
DR. G DALLAS HANNA, Curator, Department of Geology
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
DR. JOEL W. HEDGPETH, Professor of Zoology
Director of the Pacific Marine Station
Dillon Beach
DR. LEO G. HERTLEIN, Curator, Department of Geology
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
DR. MYRA KEEN, Associate Professor of Paleontology and
Curator of Conchology
Stanford University
DR. JOHN MCGOWAN, Assistant Professor of Oceanography
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, La Jolla (San Diego)
DR. FRANK PITELKA, Professor of Zoology and Chairman
Department of Zoology
University of California, Berkeley
MR. ALLYN G. SMITH, Associate Curator, Department of
Invertebrate Zoology,
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
DR. RALPH I. SMITH, Professor of Zoology
University of California, Berkeley
DR. DONALD WILSON, Assistant Professor of Zoology
University of California, Berkeley
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
DR. RUDOLF STOHLER, Associate Research Zoologist
University of California, Berkeley
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
MRS. JEAN M. CATE,
Los Angeles, California