The Relationship
Concentration in
nConsumption and Lactic Aci
te
egula funebralis (A. Adams,
ly Holz
6
Wally Holz
This study was directed toward discovering the effect of
approaching anaerobiosis on the lactic acid level in Tegula funebralis
(A. Adams, 1854), and the nature of the relationship between the avail-
ability of oxygen and the amount of this product of metabolism.
In order to produce conditions approaching anaerobiosis snails were
placed in water not in contact with the atmosphere. The animals then
depleted the oxygen supply of the water to the level at which they
could withdraw either no oxygen at all or only small amounts,et
oxygen.
METHODS
Inerderte determine theeffect of approaching anaerobiosis upon
the level of lyygen eensumptien in the animals, Five snailwere taken
directly from the field before each experiment and placed in graduated
cylinders containing 250 milliliters of fresh sea water. The surface
reduce diffusen of
of the water was covered with a layer of mineral oil to paexent oxygen
from the air fremdiffusing inte it.Thesnails were eentainedin
ed te snails fem
Gages  preventth moving up through the layer of oil. These
cages contained openings large enough to allow for the easy movement
his
of water threugh-the-eage whenever the water was stirred to equalize
cyhuder
the oxygen concentration throughout the water. The oxygen condentnetien
was measured at the beginning of each test and at two hour intervals
for eight hours; In determining the exygen level in the water the
Winkler method was used (Rogers, Charles G., 1929, p. 81). All
2
Wally Holz
five snails were tested during the same period of time, so there is
no variation due to a diurnal cycle (if one exists). The tests were
run at a water temperature from 14 -16 C. Each time the oxygen level
l
was determined 40 milliliters of water was removed. Therefore, at the
m
end of the test period there was only 50 milliliters of water present.
(This remevalof water caused the snails to produce a muah more rapid

decrease in the concentration of oxygen per milliliterefwater than
M
they weuld have done if left in 250 milliliters of water.)
In determining the lactic acid level of T. funebralis inrelatien when

to approaching anaerobiosis individual snails were put in 100 milliliters
of water with a mineral oil layer on the surface of the water. The snails
were tested for periods varying from 18 to 160 hours, the oxygen
content of the water being determined at the beginning and end of each
test. The initial oxygen concentrations ranged from 5.3 to 5.6
M
microliters of oxygen per milliliter of water. The lactic acid present
in each snail at the end of the test period was determined using the
Barker and Summerson method (Barker, S.B., 1957, p. 241).
RESULTS and DISCUSSION
The results of the oxygen consumption tests are shown in Figure o. I.
Itwillbenetetht the rate of respiration falls as the oxygen content
of the water decreases. Thisdepressien ef respiratienie possibly
due to a combination of factors. Both  decreasedi physical activity
and  decreased ability of the snails to extract oxygen from the
ally Holz
environment are instrumental. At concentrations from 3.25 to 1.25
microfiters of oxygen per milliliter of water the oxygen consumption
m
of the snail approaches zero. In relatientetime the animals use up most
of the oxygen they are capable of extracting during the entire period
in the first three to four hours. After that they only consumegsmall
quantities.
In Figure te the lactic acid production relative to oxygen
consumption is indicated for the various test times. It wille Lactc
ad accamalation
noted thatanexygen debt was not marked even after 160 hours. At
this time the amount of oxygen availabie to the animals was between
l
1.5 and 2 mierelitere of oxygen per milliliter of water. A gessation
I
of activity and low continuing uptake of oxygen even at this level
of oxygen content helped to keep the lactic acid level suppressed.
All the levels of lactic acid accumulated by the snails examined
up to 89 hours fell within the range of values obtained from analysis
of snails taken from the field and tested immediately. However, there
H
was  suggestion of a difference in the lactic acid level of the
tissues of snails removed from the field at low low tide and high high
tide. The amount of the material in the animals examined at low low
tide ranged from 120 to 380 micrograms per gram of dry weight of smail
and at high high tide from 300 to 590 micrograms per gram dry weight
of snail. While more animals should be examined, the results are
suggestive with respect to the possible tidal cycle observed by Suyder(ig63).
O
Wally Holz
SnyderSnyder, Janna,1963).
SUMMARY
1. The relation between the rate of oxygen consumption by Tegula funebralis
(A. Adams, 1854) and the oxygen content of sea water has been
investigated.
2. The consumption of oxygen continues in water of low oxygen content,
but at a much reduced rate.
3. Lactic acid does not accumulate in excessive amounts until the
animal has been under conditions of low oxygen tension for
periods in excess of 160 hours.
4. Itappetht both gessation of physical activity and a continued
low extraction of oxygen from the environment tend to suppress the
accumulation of lactic acid when the animal is in waters of low
oxygen content.
Barker, S. B.
1931. Nethods in Eneynology, vol 3 (Colomiok,
Sidney P. and Kaplan, Nathan 0.). Ney Fork,
N. 1. hoadenie Press lno. 1/57 725.
a
Rogers, Charles G.
1929. Laboratory Outlines in Comparative
Physiology. New York, N.Y. Megraws Hill Book
Co. In 3

0

o
I
.. . .
e.

12
Abstract No.
Ed-Gen.
4-30-61—20M
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HOLZ, WALLY (Stanford U., Stanford) Relationship between oxygen
consumption and lactic acid concentration in Tegula funebralis
(A. Adams, 1854)
Oxygen consumptions were determined with the Winkler method. The
Barker and Summerson method was used for lactic acid determinations.
The consumption of oxygen by Tegula funebralis continues in water of
low oxygen content, but at a much reduced rate. Lactic acid does not
accumulate in excessive amounts until the animal has been under conditions
of low oxygen tension for periods in excess of 160 hours. It appears
that both sessation of physical activity and a continued low extraction
of oxygen from the environment tend to suppress the accumulation of lactic
acid when the animal is in waters of low oxygen content.
For B. A. Office use onl
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SAMPLE ABSTRAC
TRAVIS, JOHN W., ALEXANDER C. KEYL, and CARL
Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 42(1): 1-100. Illus. 1955.—A
monograph of the section Tetragonostachys of the subgenus
. DRAGSTEDT. (Northwestern U. Med. Sch., Chicago.)
Selaginella (43 spp.); with taxonomic history, morphology and
The effect of pancreatectomy on the toxicity of k-strophanthin
life history, phylogeny, distributon and ecology preceding the
in the dog. Jour. Pharmacol. and Exptl. Therap. 117(2): 148
systematic treatment. Included are a synopsis of the subgenus
150. 1956.—Comparison of the lethal doses of k-strophanthin in
proposals of 2 sections with 4 new series, 4 new spp. and 4
normal and depancreatized dogs indicates that the diabetic
new sspp., descriptions, keys, literature and specimen citations,
state raises the resistance of the animals to the toxic effects
synonymies, maps, and photographs. Cited as of special in¬
of the drug as determined by the intravenous lethal dose pro
terest are the xeric ecology of the group (prolonged dormancy
cedure. The lethal doses for 14 normal and 8 depancreatized
on desiccation), and the evolutionary significance of the dis¬
dogs were 0.147 and 0.214 mg/kg, respectively, which is a
tribution patterns of its sexual and apogamous races.
significant difference at the 1% probability level. Animals ren¬
DILLON, LAWRENCE S. (A. and M. Coll. Texas, College
dered hyperglycemic by intravenous administration of d-glucose
Station.) The neotropic Acanthocinini (Coleoptera: Ceram¬
are not afforded similar protection, and these results tend to
bycidae). II. A further note on Canidia allies. Ent. News
support the belief that insulin is involved in the transport of k-
strophanthin across the cell membrane.—A. C. Keyl.
67 (4): 105-107. 1956.—Pseudocanidia ochreosticticus, Michoa-
TRYON, ROLLA M., Jr. Selaginella rupestris and its allies.
can, Mexico.—J. L. Williams.