INTRODUCTION
Carmel, a city of 4712 inhabitants, is located on the
California coast approximately 120 miles south of San Francisco.
The city discharges 1.1 to 1.3 million gallons a day of primary
treated effluent from an ocean outfall into that part of Carmel
Bay bounded to the north by the Carmel River and to the south
by Monastery Beach. The pipe that carries the sewage from
the Carmel treatment plant to the bay is over 2000 feet in
length, and emerges immediately subtidal in a rocky intertidal
area that receives moderately heavy surf at high tide.
The research reported herein deals with the distribution
and abundance of marine intertidal fauna in the Carmel outfall
area and was chosen due to the need for knowledge concerning
the effect of primary sewage effluent on intertidal organisms.
Recent municipal proposals to change existing conditions by
either extending the outfall pipe farther out into the bay or
developing a secondary treatment plant made this project even
more essential in that comparisons might be drawn in the future
against a baseline of present conditions. In addition, the
Carmel treatment plant has recently begun a program of heavy
chlorination of their sewage, and plans have been formulated
to increase the flow yolume of this waste by adding the effluent
from the Pebble Beach community. Present conditions of the
intertidal animal life around the outfall must now be known
to calculate the probable effects of these changes, and to
help determine the most advisable future course of action for
sewage treatment for this growing coastal community.
Reports in the literature have dealt with the effects of
sewage outfalls on deep water marine environments (e.g. Reish, 1959).
Oceanographic studies prepared for the Californians Against
Pollution concentrated on similar problems in the Santa Monica
Bay area of California in 1956. In addition, these same topics
have been discussed at various symposiums including those held
at the University of California at Berkeley in 1969, and in
Washington, D. C. in 1966. However, little has been done
researching the effects of sewage outfalls on the distribution
of intertidal animals. Virtually nothing has been done in the
Carmel area. The research on the Carmel outfall reported in
this paper will therefore be concerned with intertidal faunal
distribution and abundance as a possible parameter for measuring
sewage pollution.
The research first involved mapping the survey area in
Carmel Bay, as well as the currents affecting the outfall
region. Knowledge of current movements was then used to
determine locations where chemical analyses of the water would
provide more detailed information concerning the dilution of
the effluent and its area of influence. This in turn determined
where transects would be laid so as to best calculate the
distribution and abundance of the fauna. As a result of the
foregoing research, a test organism apparently affected by the
effluent was selected, and its mortality rate in varying
concentrations of sewage was tested.
MATERTALS ANI
METHODS
Mapping the Study Ares
A map of the coastline from Mission Point to Point Lobos,
a state park reserve (Figure 1), was obtained from the California Dept.
of Parks and Recreation, and shows the general study area in
Carmel Bay, California. In addition, the area immediately
adjacent to the outfall, an area approximately 325 feet by
150 feet is shown in Figure 2.
Current Studies
Current studies were carried out on two different days.
May 11 and May 25, 1970. On each day 12 plastic bottles
that were color coded and filled with fresh water were used
to show current movement. On the first day, the 12 bottles
were placed in a line parallel to the shore from a point
approximately 2000 feet south of the outfall to a point
nearly 500 feet north of the outfall. The bottles were
dropped from a boat about 1000 feet offshore at regular
intervals of 10 seconds along this line and their initial
position in the water was marked with fluorescein dye. On the
second day, the 12 bottles were placed in a line close to where
the previous pattern of bottles had last been sighted. This
line began about 260 feet off from the center of Monastery
Beach and extended well beyond where the first series of bottles
had been located, nearly 5600 feet offshore towards Cypress
Point. These bottles were laid at 15 second intervals and had
fluorescein dye packets attached to them. On both days the
drift bottles were followed for at least two hours, and their
positions were plotted from observation points on the shore.
Inshore currents near the outfall region were studied
with 20 and 40 gram fluorescein dye packets on May 11, 1970.
The visual dispersion of the dye with the currents was recorded
at both low and high tide over a total period of seven hours.
Chemical Analyses
Chemical analyses included tests for phosphates, nitrites,
nitrates, dissolved oxygen, chlorine, and hydrogen sulfide.
The methods used for nutrients, Cl,, and 0, analyses are those
outlined by Strickland and Parsons, 1965. Salinity was measured
with a pocket refractometer calibrated against standard Copenhagen
water. A portable pH meter was used for pH readings, and a
standard mercury-filled centigrade thermometer for temperature
values. Heavy metals were tested using a Perkin-Elmer Model
303 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All tests except
those for heavy metals were made at 10 stations ranging from
approximately one mile south of the outfall at south Point
Lobos (Station J) and about 4000 feet south of the outfall at
north Point Lobos (Station I) all the way to 2000 feet north
of the outfall at Mission Point (Station B, see Figure 6).
Testing was also carried out at the Carmel treatment plant
itself (StationA). Heavy metals were measured only in the
effluent at the plant. All field testing was accomplished at
the lowest tide on three different days, May 7, 13, and 28
1970. The low tides on those days were -1.2 feet, 0.4 feet,
and 0.2 feet, respectively.
Faunal Distribution
Following the chemical analyses, a qualitative stud
of faunal distribution was accomplished by laying out transect
lines from higher high water (43.0 - 16.0 feet) perpendicular
to the shore 70-130 feet in length to about mean lower low
water (0.0 feet). All organisms that could be seen one foot
to either side of the line were identified. These transects
were taken along the shore at the same locations where chemical
analyses had been made earlier (cf. Figures 6 and 9).
The qualitative results obtained from the transect studies
were later further quantified. To accomplish this, five typical
types of areas were chosen in eight of the transects and sampled
for numbers and kinds of organisms. These eight stations
corresponded to transects 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (cf. Figure 9).
The characteristics of these areas were as follows:
Area Type I - +4.0 to 15.0 feet, horizontal, inshore,
direct sun, splashed at high tide, very
little plant cover.
ype II - 43.0 to 44.0 feet, horizontal, direct sun,
Area T
inshore, medium amount of plant cover.
Area Type III - 13.0 to 44.0 feet, horizontal, direct sun,
standing water, 20-40 feet from shore,
heavy plant cover.
Area Type IV-
12.0 to 43.0 feet, vertical, inshore,
facing wave action.
Area Type V -
+2.0 to 13.0 feet, vertical, 10-20 feet
farther out from shore than Area Type IV
protected from much of the wave action.
Five quarter meter squares were placed along each of the eight
transects at points which had characteristics similar to those
outlined above. All the macroscopic fauna observable within
each of the squares was counted with the aid of a hand counter.
Diversity indices were later computed on a Wang calculator by
following the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener formulae as outlined
by Cox, 1967.
Limpet Toxicity
The limpets Acmaea digitalis and A. scutum were arrarentl;
affected by the effluent, and so were chosen for toxicity tests.
To minimize variability due to size, tidal height, and location,
160 individuals were all collected at Mission Point at the same
tidal heigth of 43.0 to + 4.0 feet for A. digitalis and from
0.O to 41.0 feet for A. scutum. All the individuals taken
were 1 to 2 cm in length. Ten limpets of each species were
placed in a series of shallow plastic dishes filled to the top
with sea water containing 2, 10, 20, 50, and 100% Carmel sewage
Sea water controls were also utilized. Both chlorinated and
unchlorinated sewage for these experiments was collected from
the Carmel treatment plant. The dishes had a barrier placed
around the top edge so that the limpets could not escape the
test solutions. Temperature was kept constant at 14 centigrade
by emmersing the plastic dishes in a cold water bath. The
limpets were given ample space, and were left outside to be
exposed to the natural light regime. The salinity loss due
to the inclusion of the fresh water sewage was approximated
in the controls for each concentration by using an appropriate
volume of distilled water in the control dishes. The mortality
rate of the limpets was recorded at eight time intervals covering
a span of 32 hours. The controls were examined over a total
period of 53 hours. Death was established if the limpet did
not attach to the dish and its tentacles did not respond to touch.
RESULT
Current Studies
The currents recorded on May 11, 1970 are seen in Figure 3.
These 12 drift bottles moved in an uniform direction southward
towards Monastery Beach. The second group of 12 bottles were
laid in the line close to where the first group of bottles
were last sighted. This study took place on May 25, 1970,
and as Figure 4 shows, these bottles moved in a circular
pattern and ended up approximately 100 feet offshore at the
north end of Monastery Beach. The compass readings taken
from shore positions for these two groups of bottles are
shown in Table la and 1b, respectively. Table 2 gives the
dates and locations of bottle recovery. The recovery rate for
the bottles is high, especially for the second current study.
The data from these two studies gives evidence to suggest
that the effluent is moving in a southerly direction towards
Monastery Beach, and might even be reaching north Point Lobos
below Whaler's Cove about 4000 feet south of the outfall. One
drift bottle from the first study was found about 100 feet off
this north Point Lobos shore.
An examination of the inshore currents tends to support
the evidence of strong southward currents. Figure 5 indicates
the movement of fluorescein dye laid as packets near the mouth
of the outfall at low and high tide on May 11, 1970. It was
quite noticeable that part of the effluent moved only 100 feet
north before joining the main movement of water southward.
There is also a heavy wash of effluent directly behind the
outfall which moves to the southern end of the rocks of the
outfall area, a distance of about 600 feet.
From these current studies it appears that for this period
the effluent was moving in a southerly direction towards
Monastery Beach, and because of circular patterns at that point,
the effluent may linger in this area. The drift bottles were
set about 1000 feet offshore so anything plaeed in the water
up to this distance would probably move in a similar pattern.
Chemical Ana
ses
The locations where chemical tests were undertaken are
indicated in Figure 6. These stations were selected as a
result of the current studies with Stations D and F expected
to show the greatest amount of effluent contact. Stations C
and E were expected to show less sewage pollution than the
above stations. Station B at Mission Point approximately
2000 feet north of the outfall was believed to be comparable
to Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach approximately
2000 feet south of the outfall.
The results of the chemical tests are graphed in Figures
7a-7h. Note that the curves are similar in frequently reaching
maximum values at specific stations for H,S, PO, NO., Cl,, and
temperature. The 0,, salinity, and NO tests show the exact
inverse pattern where collectively their minimum values are
often reached at specific stations. This correlation was
clarified by ranking the values obtained, giving the station
with the highest value for a chemical test a ranking of 1, the
station with the second highest value a ranking of 2, etc.
If two stations had the same value for an analyses, they were
given the same ranking. Ranking was plotted against station
and Figure 8 shows a marked similarity between the widely
different types of chemical tests. There appears to be a
differential dispersion of the effluent with Stations D, E,
F, and G receiving the most contact with the sewage. This
information supports the current study evidence of the southward
movement of the effluent.
The sewage from the Carmel outfall is of domestic origin,
and therefore, pH readings and heavy metal concentrations were
not expected to be extreme. At the outfall, the water was
acidic with a reading of 6.6. But 50 feet to either side of
the outfall the pH readings were neutral at 7.0 and remained
so the rest of the way along the shore both to the north and
south. Six metals were tested for with the atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. These were copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury,
lead, and chromium. Only zinc and copper appeared in appreciable
amounts, snd neither was very much greater than normal concentrations
in sea water.
Although these chemical tests were of a short term nature,
it is importanit to note that the results show a similar pattern
which correlates to the currents in the area. There is also
a relatively low dilution of some of the fundamental components
of the sewage, such as hydrogen sulfide, at distances over 1000
feet away from the outfall.
Faunal Distribution
The locations of the transects are displayed in Figure 9.
These locations were selected in areas where current studies
and chemical tests had been achieved so correlations would be
evident. Observations from the transect studies are graphically
represented in Figures 10-19. Certain species are obviously
scarce or lacking from transects near the outfall, e.g. the
larger limpets, starfish, and sea urchins. Figure 20 is a
summary of this transect material and records the relative
distribution and abundance of the fauna, and exhibits those
species which can be said to be evidently affected by the
effluent, e.g. Mytilus californianus, Mitella polymerus,
Balanus glandula, Chthamalus spp., and Tetraclita squamosa
rubescens.
These results were supported by the data gathered in the
distribution squares study. The faunal distribution studies
were done at eight stations along the shoreline corresponding
to transects 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 (cf. Figure 9).
Tables 3-7 show the population counts from each of five types
of areas (described on pp. 4-5) at each of the eight stations.
Note the decrease in the number of species, the ratio of live
to dead barnacles, and the diversity indices in the outfall
region (Stations 2-6). The larger limpets such as Acmaea
limatula, A. scutum, A. pelta, Diodora spp., and Lottia gigantea
are scarce or lacking in this region. The relative abundance
and distribution of tunicate species are tabulated in Table 8.
Again the lack of species in Stations 2-6 is very noticeable.
Limpet Toxicity
Figures 2la-j are concerned with the LT50 experiments
(time required for 50% of the population to die) for Acmaea
digitalis and A. scutum. It is apparent that up to concentrations
of 20% sewage, chlorine significantly reduces the LT50. The
LT50 are compiled for the different concentrations of sewage
in Table 9, and range from 32 hours for 2% unchlorinated sewage
to 4 hours for 100% chlorinated sewage. Although these tests
were not conclusive due to the small sample size, it is evident
adult limpet populations are affected quickly by sewage effluent.
16
DISCUSSTON
It was evident at the time of the mapping and current
studies that there existed a strong southward current from the
mouth of the outfall. The current extended down to Monastery
Beach, with several drift bottles ending up about 100 feet north
of this beach and approximately 2000 feet south of the outfall.
There is also evidence currents may be carrying the effluent
as far as north Point Lobos below Whaler's Cove about 4000 feet
south of the outfall. If the effluent were to reach this area,
it would tend to remain there because of the circular currents
near Monastery Beach shown to exist in the second current study.
The high recovery rate of drift bottles, nearly 60% within two
weeks after the second study, shows the effluent is not moving
out to sea, and thus, may have an even larger affect on the
marine intertidal fauna within Carmel Bay, especially to the
south of the Carmel outfall.
In the immediate area of the outfall the effluent appeare
to wash straight back into the beach area directly behind the
pipe. The area to the north of the pipe for an estimated 100
feet received a heavy wash of effluent, which eventually joined
the larger southward movement of water. The extreme north end
of the outfall rocks and the area about 160 feet south of the
outfall were not as heavily washed with effluent as the rest
of the immediate outfall area, suggesting that currents may
bypass Stations C and E (cf. Figure 6).
The apparent dilution of effluent from the mouth of the
outfall southward is not large. At a point approximately 600
feet south of the Carmel outfall, nitrites had been diluted
only 58% and hydrogen sulfide 69%. The area 250 feet north
of the outfall at the end of the immediate outfall area gave
test results often comparable to areas much farther away from
the outfall, such as Station B at Mission Point to the north,
and Station I at north Point Lobos to the south. Also from the
chemical tests, it is evident Station E 160 feet south of the
outfall does not receive as much effluent as Station F about
600 feet south of the outfall.
The results of the chemical analyses were not conclusive
and must be repeated at a later date for confirmation. However,
the data strongly suggests the movement of the effluent with
the currents southward towards the Monastery Beach and Point
Lobos areas, where it apparently may stay for some time.
The chemical analyses definitely indicated some areas in
the region of the outfall were receiving larger doses of effluent
than others. This information aided in selection of the transect
locations. It was immediately evident from our transects that
near and to the south of the outfall had fewer animal species
than areas farther removed from the outfall. For example,
certain species of molluscs, crabs, starfich, tunicates, and
barnacles were scarce or entirely lacking in transects 3-6 where
physical parameters denoted conditions capable of supporting
such populations. Figure 19 shows this evidence very clearly.
Unfortunately, certain species such as annelids were left out
of this study due to the difficulty in collecting and identifying
such small organisms. The transects were examined on two different
days in order to increase the accuracy of the observations.
It is not possible to entirely eliminate sampling errors
in the distributional studies, but attempts were made to
minimize these errors as much as possible. Tunicates and
porifera presented a difficult problem because the numbers
of individuals in colonies could not be easily counted. Therefore,
only their presence or absence was included in the distribution
samples, and they were excluded from diversity index calculations.
For quantitative studies, five typical areas were selected
at each of the eight stations with tidal height, exposed surface,
and wave action approximated as closely as possible for each
type of area. The results showed a clear gradient for the
total number of species in each type of area for the eight stations
with the greatest numbers occurring in the control areas and
decreaing towards the outfall. There is no such gradient for
the total number of individuals in an area. This may be
accounted for by the fact that some species, i.e. Acmaea scabra
and Anthopleura elegantissima may be doing better in the outfall
region due to decreased competition from other species. The
competition between Acmaea scabra and A. digitalis has been
well documented by Haven in a 1966 Monterey Bay area study.
The diversity indices used in this study are dependent
on sample size and range too widely to support a definite
gradient from control to outfall area. Still, it is clear
that for Area Types I-IV (Tables 5-8), the diversity indices
for the outfall Station 4 are considerably lower than for the
areas farthest away from the outfall at Stations 1 and 9. This
is not true for Area Type V which is at the highest tidal height
examined. One possible reason for this apparent contradiction
is simply that an area five feet above mean lower low water
is often out of the water, and hence does not receive sustained
exposure to the sewage effluent. Similar results for the
relationship between tidal height and a diversity indices
gradient was noted by Clearman (1970) in his study of the
distribution and abundance of microfauna at varying distances
from the Pacific Grove, California outfall.
The general pattern of distribution seen was likewise
reflected in the number of live barnacles in the different
distribution squares. A barnacle was assumed to be living
if the shell was filled with the organism. Empty shells
were noted so that the per cent of live barnacles in the
distribution squares could be tabulated (Tables 5-9). There
is definitely a greater ratio of live to dead barnadles in
the areas farthest away from the outfall region. A possible
explanation for this is that barnacles are filter feeders
and therefore, come into significantly large contact with
the sewage in the water. The distribution patterns of other
filter feeders such as Mytilus californianus and Mitella
polymerus tend to support this idea in that there was a lack
of clustering, gereral smaller size, and looser attachment
at Stations 3 and 4 (cf. Welsh, 1970). Tunicates, still
another group of filter feeders, are also conspicuously absent
from Stations 2-6 where overhanging rocks and tide pools would
seem to provide perfectly habitable areas for this group.
A phylum apparently affected by the effluent is Mollusca,
especially the limpets. It was quite noticeable in the outfall
region that the limpets were often attached very loosely to the
rocks and could be picked off by hand, especially A. digitalis.
The rocks were covered with Hildenbrandia, an encrusting alga,
and a diatomaceus slime which may account for the decreased
attachment strength of limpets in the area. In Stations 2-4
in the outfall region, the A. digitalis were very small and
almost all were under 2mm in length. In the areas farthest
removed from the outfall, they often reached a length of nearl,
2 cm. Small limpets were also found in these areas far to the
north and the south, but always along with the larger A. digitalis.
If it were assumed these small Acmaea were very young, then it
may be hypothesized that the effluent is affecting some adult
stage of the organism rather than a developmental stage. Although
Acmaea scabra was also smaller in the proximity of the outfall,
it seemed to be able to attach far more securely to rocks than
A. digitalis. It was observed in field studies that A. scabra"
scalloped shell conformed closely to its position on the irregular
rock surface. This may account for its stronger attachment to rocks.
The larger limpets such as Lottia gigantea, Diodora spp.,
Acmaea scutum, A. pelta, and A. limatula were scarce or completely
missing from Stations 2-4, although quite abundant at other stations.
More detailed work is obviously necessary to back up the very
qualitative statements about attachment strength and shell size.
The observations about limpets examined in the distributional
studies led to the LT50 experiments with Acmaea digitalis and
A. scutum. While the sample sizes were much too small to be
conclusive, toxicity tests on A. digitalis and A. scutum showed
that these two species seemed definitely affected by sewage
concentrations as low as 2% within the relatively short time
of 32 hours. With this knowledge, the concentration of sewage
should be lowered even further in future experiments. Another
clear point from Figures 20-22 is the increased lethality of
the sewage after chlorination in concentrations up to 20%.
Above this level, sewage without chlorination appeared to be
just as lethal. This suggests that chlorine may be lethal to
limpets in the outfall area where sewage concentrations are
well below 20%. A differing rate of death between A. digitalis
and A. scutum was not discernible, and salinity reduction was
not the apparent cause for the high mortality rate.
The manner of death for these limpets may be of some
consequence in designating how the sewage kills these organisms.
The dead limpets in almost all cases had thrust their shells
back to expose their gills, often with enough force to tear
their mantle. Two limpets that were observed to die in 100%
distilled water did not contort in this manner.
It is essential to note that for 2% unchlorinated sewage
concentrations, the LT50 for these limpets was approximately
32 hours. Because these limpets are affected quickly in sewage
of relatively low concentrations, Acmaea may provide an excellent
test organism for future research dealing with the effect of
sewage effluent on intertidal marine organisms. One such possible
experiment may include the placement of rocks with attached
limpets at varying distances from the outfall to thst their
mortality rate within their natural environment.
15
SUMMARY
This research project examined the effects of primary
treated effluent on the distribution and abundance of marine
intertidal fauna in a portion of Carmel Bay, California.
During the time of the current studies, the effluent was
moving south from the outfall and appeared to remain in the
Monastery Beach area due to circular currents. The sewage
was not moving straight out to sea.
Damage in the outfall area can be seen in the form of
distribution patterns and are reflected in the diversity indices
for specific types of areas. The distribution patterns suggest
that Mytilus californianus (California mussel), Mitella polymerus
(Gooseneck barnacle), Balanus glandula, Chthamalus spp., Tetraclita
squamosa rubescens, Acmaea spp., Pisaster ochraceus, Pagurus spp.,
Haliotis cracherodii may be good intertidal indicators of
and
sewage pollution.
Toxicity tests on Acmaea digitalis and A. scutum suggest
that at low concentrations of sewage, Cl, may be responsible
for much of the lethality of the sewage. However, Cl, does
not account for the entire toxicity of any concentration of
sewage
The research outlined in this paper suggests further
investigations are necessary to confirm present information
about current and effluent movement in Carmel Bay, the toxicity
of sewage due to Cl,, the toxicity of other sewage components,
distribution and diversity patterns as measurable parameters
of sewage pollution, and the development of other types of
indicators of sewage pollution.
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
I would like to thank Mr. Rich, superintendent of Point
Lobos State Reserve, for access to that area, Mr. Mehlert
of the California State Department of Parks and Recreation
for the map of the Carmel Bay area, and Hal Stibbs for his
help in identifying tunicate species. I would also like to
express my gratitude to Dr. Welton Lee for his help, advice,
and encouragement throughout the course of this project.
This study was supported by the Undergraduate Research Program
of the National Science Foundation, grant GY-7288.
REFEREN
Californians Against Pollution. 1956. Sewage in Santa Monica
Bay: a critical review of the oceanographic studies.
La Jolla, Calif. 95p.
Clearman, David. 1970. The effect of primary treated sewage
on the distribution and abundance of microfauna on
Endocladia muricata, Prionitis lanceolata, and Corralina
vancouverensis. Unpublished report, Hopkins Marine Station,
spring 1970.
Konecci, Eugene B., editor. 1967. Ecological technology,
space-earth-sea. Austin, Bureau of Business Research,
University of Texas. 300p.
Pearson, E. A., editor. 1960. Waste disposal in the marine
environment. Pergammon Press, New York. 569p.
Reish, Donald J. 1959. An Ecological Study of Pollution in
Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, California. University
of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, California. 119p.
Strickland, J. D. H., and Parson T. R. 1965. A manual of
sea water analysis, with special reference to the more
common micronutrients and to particulate organic material
Ottawa, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, ottawa,
Canada. 265 p.
Welsh, Joseph E. 1970. Coliform Distribution and Coliform
Uptake By Mytilus californianus In Carmel Bay. Unpublished
report, Hopkins Marine Station, spring 1970.
Figure 1: Map of the Carmel Bay, California
...... sandy shore
kelp beds
rocky promontory
area
CARMEL BAY
MISSION POINT


OUTFALL

MONASTERY
/BEACH
e,





1:10,000
POINT LOBOS
Scale
—
6
Figure 2: Map of the immediate outfall area in Carmel Bay, California.
The area encompassed is 325 feet by 150 feet.
tp - tide pool
R


S






To
0



Q


1

Q

9




50
lejino
0


2
Figure 3: Current study I in Carmel Bay, California
The bottles were numbered 1 through 12 and their approximate southward
travel route over a period of two hours is indicated by the
dashed lines. The bottles were followed from two reference
points on the shore (Ref. Pt. 1 and Ref. Pt. 2).
00


Carmel Bay
CURRENT
STUDY
May 11,1970
O930-1600


8
Mission Point

S
i
e
0
AN


Pt. Lobos
A.

Scale
O REF.PT.
Outfall
OREF. PT. 2
Hud
Monastery
Beach
1:10000
4
Figure 4: Current study II in Carmel Bay, California.
The 12 bottles were laid in a line that extended from 200 feet off
Monastery Beach towards Cypress Point, a total distance of about
5600 feet. Their approximate travel routes toward the north
end of Monastery Beach and the times of their first compass
readings are indicated. The bottles were followed from a point
on the shore (Ref. Pt. 3).
26
1
4

Mission Point
Carmel Bay
k
CURRENT
STUDY
May 25,1970—1100-1300


Outfall




P
p

2
--.

6.
2


Monastery

Beach
geonn

Ber

1:10000
Scale
Pt. Lobos

26
0
O
Table la: Compass readings for current study I.
Table 1b: Compass readings for current study II.
e
2
Sible
A
Time
1032
1039
1102
1122
1132
1142
1232
1252
Time
1115
1130
1145
1215
1245
Ref.
Pt.
Ref.
Pt.
185
185
206
200
188
178
18/
34
/2
20
200
210
205
205
185
/82
CURRENT STUDY I
Bottle
No.
222
207
205
272
210
215
206
218
202
217
214
216
222
213
209
212
208
218
205
206
215
212
193
200
216
210
198
195
187
187
195
189
190
188
CURRENT STUDY II
Bottle
No.
925
343
330
310
342
353
34
345
339
350
358
35/
350
350
355
353
233
236
222
214
214
215
210
208° 202
202
195
195
322
320
335
337
345
339
354
353
244
229
238
228
224
200
20
10
318
335
331
353
254
230
240
224
218
210
199
183
3/6
334
336
350
358
/2
260
238
248
248
235
230
315°
330°
335
350
358
8
able 2: Recovery record of the drift bottles from the two
current studies
C

Figure 5: Map of the inshore currents near the immediate
outfall area in Carmel Bay, California.
The arrows indicate the relative strength and movement of
fluorescein dye with the currents. The currents were watched
at both high and low tide over a period of seven hours.
tp - tide pool
- locations where dye packets were lai
—


S
0
2




J
Figure 6: Location of samples for chemical tests in Carmel Bay, California.
The location of Station A for the treatment plant and Station
J at the south shore of Point Lobos are only approximated.
..
Vt
Carmel Bay
LOCATION of SAMPLES
for CHEMICAL TESTS

S

C

X—. S. Pt. Lobos

O
X—A. Sewage Plant
-B. Mission Pt.




-C.
—D. Outfall

:
—E.

F.
—G.


—H. Monastery Beach
—l. N. Pt. Lobos
Scale 1:10,000
Figure 7a: Amounts of hydrogen sulfide at the various stations.
Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point,
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the mean of the results of two runs made on the
same sample. The samples were collected on May 7, 1970 at low tide.
Figure 7b: Amounts of phosphate at the various stations.
Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point,
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the mean of the results of two runs made on the
same sample. The samples were collected on May 7, 1970 at low tide.
6
5L
A-
2
Seger
Hyd rogen
Sulfide


ABCDEFGH
A
700
600
500
Phosphate
400
300



12
o
3
6
4
.2
ABCDEFGHI
Station
S
Figure 7c: Amounts of nitrate at the various stations.
Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point,
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the mean of the results of two runs made on the
same sample. The samples were collected on May 7, 1970 at low tide.
Figure 7d: Amounts of nitrite at the various stations.
Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point,
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the mean of the results of two runs made on the
same sample. The samples were collected on May 7, 1970 at low tide.
0

2 4
25
20
15-
Z
L
Fgen
A B
ABC
E
Station
—
Station
Nitrate


F
1
Nitrite


H

Oc
Figure 7e: Salinity in parts per thousand at the various stations.
Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point,
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the readings taken with a refractometer on May 28, 1970
at low tide.
Figure 7f: Amounts of chlorine at the various stations.
Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the mean of two runs made on the same sample. The
samples were collected on May 7, 1970 at low tide.
35
30
25
20
15
10

5
4
O-
E
Fegre
A B

A B
C
D

Salinity

G HI
Station
Chlorine

—3

L

H
—
Station
—
10
Figure 7g: Amounts of dissolved oxygen at the various stations.
Station Aisat the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point,
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the mean of two runs made on the same sample. The
samples were collected on May 13, 1970 at low tide.
Figure 7h: Temperature readings at the various stations.
Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at Mission Point
Station D at the outfall, Station F at 600 feet south of the
outfall, Station H at the north end of Monastery Beach, and
Station I at the northeast corner of Point Lobos. Each point
represents the temperature of the water on May 28, 1970 at
low tide.
6
25
15
12
3
Hgee
BC

A B
Dissolved Oxygen

6
Location
Temperature
S

H
6
Location
S


85
Figure 8a: Ranking of PO, and H,S values plotted against
the various stations.
Ranking was accomplished by giving the station with the
highest test value a ranking of 1, the station with the
second highest test value a ranking of 2, etc. If two
stations had the same test value, they were given the same
rank. Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at
Mission Point, Station D at the outfall, Station H at the
north end of Monastery Beach, and Station I at the northeast
corner of Point Lobos.
- - - — phosphate test
— — — hydrogen sulfide test
Figure 8b: Ranking of NO, and temperature values plotted
against the various stations.
Ranking was accomplished by giving the station with the
highest test value a ranking of 1, the station with the
second highest test value a ranking of 2, etc. If two
stations had the same test value, they were given the same
rank. Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at
Mission Point, Station D at the outfall, Station H at the
north end of Monastery Beach, and Station I at the northeast
corner of Point Lobos.
- - nitrite test
— — — temperature test
Figure 8c: Ranking of Cl, and salinity values plotted against
the various stations.
Ranking was accomplished by giving the station with the
highest test value a ranking of 1, the station with the
second highest test value a rankin of 2, etc. If two
stations had the same test value, they were given the same
rank. Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at
Mission Point, Station D at the outfall, Station H at the
north end of Monastery Beach, and Station I at the northeast
corner of Point Lobos.
- - - - salinity test
chlorine test
igure 8d: Ranking of NO, and 0, values plotted against the
various stations.
Ranking was accomplished by giving the station with the
highest test value a ranking of 1, the station with the
second highest test value a ranking of 2, etc. If two
stations had the same test value, they were given the same
rank. Station A is at the treatment plant, Station B at
Mission Point, Station D at the outfall, Station H at the
north end of Monastery Beach, and Station I at the northeast
corner of Point Lobos.
- - -- nitrate test
— — dissolved oxygen test
o.
Sal
tri
XX

4
3
4
ABcbttn
10
9
A
1
9
1

g
4
3


18k
x
Atbttont
-6 X
0 H25
10-
X P04
8
7
5
3
10
CHLORINE
7
6
4
3
2+
SALINITY
STATION
X NO2

Q—O TEMP
R


8
Atebttan
4

0 02
6 k 105
Acbttont
45
Figure 9: Location of transect studies in Carmel Bay, California.
The study area was examined during April and May 1970 at low tide.
46
S
--10
Lgire 7

Mission Point

tit
Bay
Carmel
LOCATION
of TRANSECTS





Point Lobos





+-1-2
e-1.
L114
Outfall
F---5
6




8
Monastery Beach
Scale 1:1O000
N
Figure 10: Faunal species in transect 1.
Transect 1 was at Mission Point, 2000 feet north of the outfall.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative abundance
95.
Aaur
TRANSECT I
Mission Pt.
4/27/70
ECIES
Acmaea asmi
digitalis
limatula
pelta
scabra
scutum
Amphipoda spp.
Anthopleura elegantissima
xanthogrammica
Balanus glandula
Chthamalus spp.
Haliotis cracherodii
Henricia leviuscula
Katharina tunicata
Keyhole limpet
Leptasterias pusilla
Littorina planaxis
scutulata
Lottia gigantea
Mitella polymerus
Mopalia spp.
Mytilus californianus
Nudibranchia sp.
Pachygrapsus crassipes
Pagurus spp.
Porifera spp.
Strongylocentratus purpuratus
Tegula brunnea

funebralis
Tetraclita squamosa rubescens
Thais spp.
Tunicata spp.
265
6
3
2 2
10
* **
.
***
***
..
* * *

***
...
* * *


**+
*.
.**
** *
.1.
* * *
***
4.
74
***
** +
***
20
11.
* *
***
4


506o 70
DISTANCE FROM HHW
(Et)
.
* * *
* * *
1*
***

* * *

* *+
***
1
***


* * *
* * *
...
** *
...
* *
++
s
***
**
.**
1*
*4*
***
* **
.
44
1
4.
* * *
* **
***
* **
1
***
49
Figure 11: Faunal species in transect 2.
Transect 2 was 200 feet north of the outfall and in the immediate
outfall region.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative abundance
Figure 12: Faunal species in transect 3.
Transect 3 was 25 feet north of the outfall and in the immediate
outfall region.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative abundance
Fjun
9
Lam
FRAwskcr a

4/24/70
22

V

2
10 10 30 40 50 60 70 30 90 100 10
SPECIES
DISTANCE FROM HHW (Ft)
-7I
***


Acmaea digitalis
pelta
**.
scabra
scutum
... 11.
* **
*.. ...
...
Anthopleura elegantissima
* +
xanthogrammica

***
***
**
.. 1
Balanus glandula
...
r ...
.1.
...
1.
* * *
Chthamalus spp.
***
* *
Isopoda spp.
.
4.
.4.
.
Katharina tunicata
* *
.**
...
s
...
... ..
...
Mitella polymerus
4.
Mopalia spp.
.
californianus
Mytilus
Pisaster ochraceus
2
E
TRAESECT 3

25 ft. N.
of Outfall:

4/25/70
O
W
8.
40
30
10
20
60 70
ECIES
DISTANCE FROM HHW (ft)
71
11.
Acmaea digitalis
* * *
.
scabra
***
***
1..
..
Anthopleura elegantissima
xanthogrammice
.
Balanus glandula
* **
.
1.
Chthamalus spp.
Katharina tunicata
Mitella polymerus
Mopalia spp.
4..
44
Mytilus californianus
Pisaster ochraceus
..
41.
Tegula funebralis
Tetraclita sp.
**.
**
..
30
Figure 13: Faunal species in transect 4.
Transect 4 was directly behind the outfal
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative abundance
Figure 14: Faunal species in transect
Transect 5 was 160 feet south of the outfall and in the
immediate outfall region.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
- presence of species and relative abundance
Han
5.
Gaue
TRANSEC
6
Directly behind outfal
24
4/24/70
22

SPECIES
Acmaea digitalis
1
* * *
scabra
Anthopleura elegantissim
xanthogrammic
Balanus glandula
* *
Chthamalus spp.
Katharina tunicata
**
Littorina planaxis
* **
scutulata
* * *
Mitella polymerus
Mopalia spp.
Tegula funebralis
Tetraclita sp.
Thais spp.
47
TRANSECT

4/25/70
2

20
SPECIES
digitalis

scabra
Anthopleura elegantissima": * k.
xanthogrammice
Balanus glandula
Chthamalus spp.
Katharina tunicata
Littorina scutulata
Mitella polymerus
Mopalia spp.
Mytilus californianus
Pisaster ochraceus
Sculpin
Tetraclita sp.
Thais spp.

Tegula funebralis
—
**+
4..
50
30
DISTANCE FROM HHW (Ft)
**+
* * *
11
*.*
**+
* *
4 4.
.4
4.
47

40
100
DISTANCE FROM HHW (ft)

0 70 80

.**
4++
+++
..
..
.**
..
120 140160
Figure 15: Faunal species in transect 6
Transect 6 was 600 feet south of the outfall at the end
the immediate outfall region.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
presence of species and relative abundand
952
Aegn
TRANSECT 6

7
4/24/70

SPECIES
Acmaea digitalis
scabra
Anthopleura elegantissima
xanthogrammica
Balanus glandula
Chthamalus spp.
Katharina tunicata
Littorina scutulata
Mitella polymerus
Mopalia spp.
Mytilus californianus
Pisaster ochraceus
Tegula brunnea
funebralis
Tetraclita sp.
Thais spp.
4-

O
-2+
...
** *
20
1.
***
**
A
40
60
80
DISTANCE FROM HHW (f4)
—
* **
**1*11
...
** *

..
***
* * *
* **
***
* * *
* **
***
11.
***
* **
..
...
***
*** **
* **
...

100
..
***
14.
* **
Figure 16: Faunal species in transect 7.
Transect 7 was approximately 1000 feet south of the outfal
and located on a rocky promontory.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative distribution
85
5
Aa
TRANSECT 7
3 3
22
1/26/70
2
Jo
SPECIES
Acmaea asmi
digitalis
pelta
scabra
Anthopleura elegantissima
xanthogrammica
Balanus glandula
Chthamalus spp.
Haliotis cracherodii
Henricia leviuscula
Katharina tunicata
Littorina planaxis
scutulata
Mitella polymerus
Mopalia spp.
Mytilus californianus
Nudibranchia spp.
Pachygrapsus crassipes
Pagurus samuelis
Pisaster ochraceus
Porifèra
Sculpin
Tegula brunnea
" funebralis
Tetraclita sp.
Thais spp.
Tunicata spp.
...
* **
1.
* **
1.
*.
4.

0 20
4*
* *
* * *

*4*
* * *
..*

30
DISTANCE FROM HHW(Ft)
++
7.
***
...
* * *

* *
1
**
***
1.
**.
* **
***
.
* *
...
**
**.
***
** *
114
.*.
...
* **
*+*
..
* **
57*
M
70 80
***
.
* * *
7
11
++
11
***
**
* **
* *
4..
***
...
* **
...
-..
* * *
Figure 17: Faunal species in transect 8.
Transect 8 was approximately 2000 feet south of the outfa
and at the north end of Monastery Beach.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative abundance
952
Vure
TRANSECT
+4
Monastery Beach
4/26/70
2
Wy
30

52
— 0 20
SPECIES
—
Acmaea asmi
digitalis
limatula
pelta
...
***
scabra
scutum
.
Anthopleura elegantissima
xanthogrammica
Balanus glandula
..
Chthamalus spp.
Cryptochiton stelleri
Haliotis cracherodii
Isopoda spp.
Katharina tunicata
Leptasterias pusilla
.

Littorina planaxis
***
***
scutulata
Mitella polymerus
Mitrella spp.
Mopalia spp.
Mytilus californianus
Nudibranchia spp.
4 *
Pachygrapsus crassipes
.*
..
Pagurus samuelis
Pisaster ochraceus
Porifera spp.
Pugettia producta
Sculpin
Strongylocentratus purpuratus

Tegula brunnea
**
***
funebralis
1..
Tetraclita sp.
Thais spp.
Tunicata spp.

30
DISTANCE FROM HHW (ft)


***
* **
***
44
1*
..
* **
* **
*..
4
***
* * *
***
* **
71
..
**
* * *
* *
11
***
***
..*
* **
.4*
* * *
***
* **
.7.
* **
***
70 80
4
* * *
**.
** *
* * *
.*
***
...
* **
* **
.*.
Figure 18: Faunal species in transect 9.
Transect 9 was approximately 4000 feet south of the outfal
and at the northeast corner of Point Lobos.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative abundance
5
Kanne
TRANSECT
N. Pt. Lobos
5/6/70
SPECIES
Acmaea asmi
digitalis
insessa
limatula
pelta
scabra

scutum
Amphipoda spp.
Anthopleura elegantissima
xanthogrammica
Balanus glandula
Bryozoa spp.
Chthamalus spp.
Haliotis cracherodii
Isopoda spp.
Katharina tunicata
Keyhole limpet
Leptasterias pusilla
Littorina planaxis

scutulata
Lottia gigantea
Mitella polymerus
Mopalia lignosa
Mytilus
californianus
Nudibranchia spp.
Pachygrapsus crassipes
Pagurus samuelis
Pisaster ochraceus
Porifera spp.
Pugettia producta
Strongylocentratus purpuratus
Tegula brunnea
funebralis
Tetraclita sp.
Thais spp.
Tunicata spp.
5E
14

u1 3
+ 2
* * *
* * *
* * *
*..
* * *
...
* **
14.
*..
..*
*
***
***
***
10 20

* * *
***
54
..
* * *
4*
144
.*.
** *
DISTANCE FROM HHW (Et)
***
***
***
* **
* * *
***
* * *
**
* **
**
**
* * *
â* * *
***
*.
***
**
..
* * *
***
**.
**
**
.
* * *
17
* * *
**
***
***
r *1
**
...
..
***
* * *
* **
.
47.
.
* * *
** 4
...
1
***
* * +
* **
1*
***
ses
* +
44
* *

...
* * *
* * *
.*
* **
70 80
** *
.
* *
* **
***
1.
4..
11*
*..
44
.
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
1..
...
* **
* * *
***
Figure 19: Faunal species in transect 10.
Transect 10 was approximately one mile south of the outfall
and at the south shore of Point Lobos.
HHW - higher high water
MLLW - mean lower low water
* - presence of species and relative abundance
6.
Aedun
TRANSECT
10
S. Pt. Lobos
4/29/70
SPECIES
Acmaea asmi
digitalis
insessa
limatula
pelta
scabra
" scutum
Amphipoda spps.
Anthopleura elegantissima
xanthogrammica
Balanus glandula
Blenius folius
Bryozoalspp.
Calliostoa canaliculatum
costatum
Chthamalus spp.
Cryptochiton stellerri
Haliotis cracherodii
Hapalogaster cavicauda
Henricia leviuscula
Isopodalspp.
Katharina tunicata
Keyhole limpet
Lepidozona
Leptasterias pusilla
Littoria planaxis
scutulata
Lottia gigantea
Mitella polymerus
Mitrella carinata
Mopalia spp.
Mytilus
californianus
Nudibranchia spp.
Pachygrapsus crassipes
Pagurus spp.
Pisaster ochraceus
Porifera spp.
Pugettia producta
Sculpin
Strongylocentratus purpuratus
Tegula brunnea
funebralis
Tetraclita squamose
rubesens
Thais spp.
Tunicata
41
23

I
* * *
..
* * *
***
* *

**+
1..
** *
1*
**
* **
***

***
* **
***
4..

10
**+
.4*
4.

** *
.

...
**
30
DISTANCE FROM HHW(«4)
***
.**
* * *
* *
* * *
* **
** *
***

* * *
* * *
..
4.
...
...
...
**+
511

F1.
* * *
1**
4*
t
44
* * *

+
70 30

***
***
* **
.*.
.
* * *
* * *
**
* **
*.*
* * *
* * *
***
.
* *
1
* * *
paleal
20
Laure
SPECIES
Blenius folius
Lepidozona
Hapalogaster cavicauda
Calliostoma costatum
Calliostoma canaliculatum
Bryozoa spp.
Acmaea insessa
Cryptochiton stelleri
Mitrella spp.
Pugettia producta
Keyhole limpet
Amphipoda spp.
Henricia leviuscula
Lottia gigantea
Sculpin
Isopoda spp.
Leptasterias pusilla
Acmaea limatula
Strongylocentratus purpuratus
Nudibranchia spp.
Pachygrapsus crassipes
Acmaea asmi
Haliotis cracherodii
Pagurus samuelis
Porifera spp.
Tunicata spp.
Tegula brunnea
Acmaea scutum
Acmaea pelta
Littorina planaxis
Thais spp.
Pisaster ochraceus
Tegula funebralis
Littorina scutulata
Tetraclita squamosa rubescens
Mitella polymerus (Pollicipes,
Balanus glandula
Mopalia lignosa
Katharina tunicata
Anthopleura xanthogrammica
Mytilus californianus
Acmaea digitalis
Acmaea scabra
Anthopleura elegantissima
Chthamalus spp.
Total t of Species
E
TRANSECI
8
55
u
Ze
E

10
64
Figure 20: Summary of transect information from the study area
in Carmel Bay, California.
presence of species and relative abundance
- presence of species, relative abundance, and evidence
being affected by the effluent
65
Table 3: Faunal abundance in Area I.
Abundance is given in terms of number of individuals per
square meter. Distribution counts were taken in eight
of the ten transects with transects 3 and 5 excluded.
The characteristics of Area I are shown and the data
illustrates the numbers and kinds of fauna observable
in the distribution squares.
POPULATTON DISTRIBUTION I
April-May 1970
Characteristics of Area I at mean lower low water
+4.0 to 45.0 feet
horizontal
inshore
direct sun
splashed at high tide, little plant cover
Abundance/
per
Station
ies
Acmaea digitalis
188
Littorina scutulata
52
3248
Balanus glandula
96.8% 92.8%
% alive
148
728 660
Littorina planaxis
168
428
Acmaea scabra
752
6384 10080
1000
600
188
Chthamalus spp.
94.0%
88.3%
93.7% 97.6% 96.2%
% alive
Total  of species
11592 11004
504
Total 4 of indiv.
1428
676
714
2898 2201
168
Mean + of indiv.
per species
Simpson's Diversity 2.98
1.98
1.19
1.72
2.52
Index
Shannon-Wiener
0.88 1.58 0.52
Diversity Index 1.58
0.99
164
208
48
100%
800
636
6784
3092
94.7% 96.4%
4056
7836
156
811
1.64
0.72
1.12
Table 4: Faunal abundance in Area II.
Abundance is given in terms of number of individuals per
square meter. Distribution counts were taken in eight of
the ten transects with transects 3 and 5 excluded. The
characteristics of Area II are shown and the data illustrates
the numbers and kinds of fauna observable in the distribution
squares.
*- presence of species
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
April-May 1970
Characteristics of Area II at mean lower low water:
13.0 to +4.0 feet
horizontal
direct sun
inshore
medium amount of plant cover
Abundance/M per Station
Species
Tunicates
Lottia gigantea
Keyhole limpet
L. planaxis
Isopods
Acmaea asmi
Pagurus spp.
Acmaea scutum
Mitrella spp.
Pugettia producta
Tetraclita sp.
% alive
M. californianus
Pollicipes
Acmaea pelta
Mopalia lignosa
Acmaea digitalis
1360
Balanus glandula
% alive
89.5%
L. scutulata
A. elegantissima
280
Tegula funebralis
480
Acmaea scabra
200
60
176
400
Chthamalus spp.
312
% alive
100%
83.3%
73.6% 75.0%
Total  of species
1840
376
804
680
Total + of indiv.
307
Mean  of indiv.
156
201
per species
Simpson's Diversity 2.77 2.33
1.97 1.73
Index
Shannon-Wiener
1.08
1.82
1.52
1.16
Diversity Index
212
100%
100%
1016
492
60
100%
91.4% 88.3%
224
24
140
372
236
912
1752
2644
1432
94.0%
90.3% 94.2%
11
12
3584
2497
3712
448
208
1.76
1.91
3.48
1.45
2.04
1.31
172
2.69
1.7
Table 5: Faunal abundance in Area III.
Abundance is given in terms of number of individuals per
square meter. Distribution counts were taken in eight of
the ten transects with transects 3 and 5 excluded. The
characteristics of Area III are shown and the data illustrates
the numbers and kinds of fauna observable in the distribution
squares.
* - Presence of species
Ste
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION III
April-May 1970
Characteristics of Area III at mean lower low water:
+3.0 to +4.0 feet
horizontal,
standing water
direct sun,
out from shore
heavy plant
over
Abundance/M per Station
Species
Tunicates
Bryozoans
Sponges
Keyhole limpet
Pachygrapsus sp.
Henricia sp.
Acmaea scutum
Nudibranchia spp.
Pugettia producta
Strongylocentratus sp. 108
Amphipods
Katharina tunicata
Acmaea asmi
Tegula funebralis
Isopods
Sculpin
Tegula brunnea
Pagurus spp.
Mitrella spp.
Acmaea pelta
Lottia gigantea
Pollicipes
Leptasterias pusilla
A. xanthogrammica
Pisaster ochraceus
Tetraclita sp.
200
% alive
85.6%
90.9%
Mopalia lignosa
Mytilus californianus 296
200
Balanus glandula
100
% alive
83.3% 42.2%
A. elegantissima
208
112
152
Acmaea scabra
280
160
Acmaea digitalis
168
20
712
784
203
Chthamalus spp.
112
1140
% alive
23.4%
91.8%
66.7%
81.8%
Total  of species
13
Total  of indiv.
1060
3180
1760
135
346
Mean  of indiv.
265
354
per species
Simpson's Div. Index
3.72
1.90
2.15
2.16
Shannon-Wiener
2.34
1.23
1.58
1.59
Diversity Index
100%
164
100%
176
188
1588
93.4%
169
2.42
2.11
100%
100%
792
200
96.12
1316
69
2.54
2.18
184
97.89
164
176
97.8%
220
600
332
18
2168
145
6.43
2.99
10
276
28
4.57
2.53
Table 6: Faunal abundance in Area IV.
Abundance is given in terms of number of individuals per
square meter. Distribution counts were taken in eight
of the ten transects with transects 3 and 5 excluded.
The characteristics of Area IV are shown and the data
illustrates the numbers and kinds of fauna observable
in the distribution squares.
- presence of species

/
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
April-May 1970
Characteristics of Area IV at mean lower low water:
12.0 to 13.0 feet
vertical
inshore
facing wave action
Abundance
per Station
2
Species
Pachygrapsus sp.
Lottia gigantea
Keyhole limpet
Tegula brunnea
L. scutulata
Tegula funebralis
Acmaea limatula
Acmaea pelta
Pisaster ochraceus
A. elegantissima
300
Acmaea scutum
Amphipods
Katharina tunicata
Thais spp.
M. californianus
Isopods
244
Balanus glandula
164
24
% alive
95.4% 76.6% 60.0%
Mopalia lignosa
Pollicipes
860
392
Acmaea scabra
128
Tetraclita sp.
48
220
% alive
94.8%
100%
).09
760
Chthamalus spp.
700
80
832
% alive
92.2%
90.9%
71.1%
76.6%
960
Acmaea digitalis
60
1312
Tunicates
Sponges
Total of species
Total  of indiv.
1912
1932
1224
3032
337
273
245
Mean + of indiv.
242
per species
Simpson's Diversity 2.55
3.78
2.01
3.55
Index
Shannon- Wiener
1.44
1.71
2.27
2.13
Diversity Index
12
332
97.6%
80
95.3%
452
1.75
1.27
600
83.4%
44
260
104
13.
97.0%
912
93.4%
580
14
3004
234
5.27
2.71
100%
40
120
168
100%
112
100%
524
1248
4.53
2.84
20
112
200
100%
148
12
784
6.19
2.88
Table 7: Faunal abundace in Area V.
Abundance is given in terms of number of individuals per
square meter. Distribution counts were taken in eight
of the ten transects with transects 3 and 5 excluded.
The characteristics of Area V are shown and the data
illustrates the numbers and kinds of fauna observable
in the distribution squares.
* - presence of species
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION V
April-May 1970
Characteristics of Area V at mean lower low water:
+2.0 to 13.0 feet
vertical
out from shore
protected from direct wave action
Abundance/M per Station
Specie:
Sponges
Strongylocentratus sp.
Lottia gigantea
Haliotis cracherodii
Pisaster ochraceus
Polychaeta spp.
Tegula brunnea
Pycnogonida spp.
Tegula funebralis
Mitrella spp.
Amphipoda spp.
Pagurus spp.
Leptasterias pusilla
Nudibranchs
Katherina tunicata
Isopods
Thais spp.
Mytilus californianus
Keyhole limpet
Acmaea scutum
168
Pollicipes
Littorina scutulata
568
460
A. elegantissima
Acmaea pelta
Mopalia lignosa
Balanus glandula
% alive
75.0% 81.8%
77.8%
Tetraclita sp.
312
97.5%
100%
% alive
328
904
1960
Chthamalus spp.
83.7%
92.3%
72.3%
94.6%
% alive
248
1360
1808
Acmaea digitalis
616
300
Acmaea scabra
100
11
Total  of species
5068
420
2152
1812
Total + of indiv.
457
461
Mean  of indiv
per species
Simpson's Diversity 2.49
3.05
3.41
.67
Index
1.77
2.12
1.79
1.07
Shannon-Wiener
Diversity Index
256
100%
16
100%
304
1.40
1.01
92.2%
316
59
4328
97.0%
328
5784
445
1.75
1.52
100%
40
100%
612
1.49
1.21
20
100%
60
100%
48
564
6.26
3.11
Table 8: Tunicate distribution near the outfall in Carmel
California, May 1970.
Only stations in transects 2 through 7 were examined. Station
2 is 200 feet north of the outfall, Station 4 is at the outfall.
Station 6 is about 1000 feet south of the outfall on another
rocky promontory, and Station 7 is about 2000 feet south of
the outfall at the north end of Monastery Beach.
* - presence of species and relative abundance
TUNICATE DISTRIBUTION
Relative Abundance per Station
Species
2
Cystodytes lobatus
Eudistoma ritteri
Perophora annectens
Distaplia smithii
Amaroucium solidum
Ritterella pulchra
Styela montereyensis
Synoicum par-fustis
Sigillinaria aequali-siphonis
Distaplia occidentalis
Eudistoma psammion
Amaroucium californicum
+++
+++
+++
Figure 2la: Toxicity tests on A. scutum in 2% Carmel sewage
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
- mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - - - mortality rate in 2% unchlorinated sewage
—mortality rate in 2% chlorinated sewage
Figure 21b: Toxicity tests on A. scutum in 10% Carmel sewage.
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
— mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - - - mortality rate in 10% unchlorinated sewag
- mortality rate in 10% chlorinated sewage
Figure 21c: Toxicity tests on A. digitalis in 2% Carmel sewage.
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
period of 53 hours.
mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - - mortality rate in 2% unchlorinated sewage
— — mortality rate in 2% chlorinated sewage
Figure 21d: Toxicity tests on A. digitalis in 10% Carmel sewage.
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
— mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - - - mortality rate in 10% unchlorinated sewage
— — — mortality rate in 10% chlorinated sewage
100-
50
100-
50
5
Frgur
100
10%
270
-3
OOO
50
X--X-X
9-0—08
9--0--0-0-8

X-X-**
)  — X — X-X--X--X
Ox-0o0
0
28
12
20
12
20
28
100
270
10%6


poo
Q0
50

Food
p--0--0-0—8
X
OX-8X2-—0—00
28
28
12 20—
20
12
Time in Hrs.
Figure 21e: Toxicity tests on A. scutum in 20% Carmel sewage.
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - - - mortality rate in 20% unchlorinated sewag
— — mortality rate in 20% chlorinated sewage
Figure 21f: Toxicity tests on A. scutum in 50% Carmel sewage
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - - - mortality rate in 50% unchlorinated sewag
— —
- mortality rate in 50% chlorinated sewage
Figure 21g: Toxicity tests on A. digitalis in 20% Carmel sewage.
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
mortality rate in 0% sewag
- - - mortality rate in 20% unchlorinated sewage
— mortality rate in 20% chlorinated sewage
Figure 21h: Toxicity tests on A. digitalis in 50% Carmel sewage.
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - - - mortality rate in 50% unchlorinated sewage
— — — mortality rate in 50% chlorinated sewage
gene
100-
50
OLXX0
100
50
Soo
20%
100
P
X
50
—OO
4
12
28
20
H
0
100
—6
X-----
——X
50
—OO
oo
28
12
20
Time in Hours
50%
F-X
X
O
O
2
28
20
——0—0—0—0-0
XX

OO
12—
20 28
Figure 21i: Toxicity tests on A. scutum in 100% Carmel sewage
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
mortality rate in 0% sewage
- - mortality rate in 100% unchlorinated sewage
— —
mortality rate in 100% chlorinated sewage
Figure 21j: Toxicity tests on A. digitalis in 100% Carmel sewage
Limpets in the control dish of 0% sewage were examined over
a period of 53 hours.
mortality rate in 0% sewage
--
mortality rate in 100% unchlorinated sewage
—
mortality rate in 100% chlorinated sewage
e
100
2 50
de
oo
100%
âXXXX
100
-00
50

—0
—0
20 28

12
Time in Hours
A. scutum
100%
X-XX
00
od
o
poo0
28
20
12
A. digitalis
Agen 2
Table 9: LT50's for limpets in varying concentrations of Carme
sewage
Limpets in the control dish were examined over a period of 53 hours.
16
Sewage Concentrations
2% unchlorinated
2% chlorinated
10% unchlorinated
10% chlorinated
20% unchlorinated
20% chlorinated
50% unchlorinated
50% chlorinated
100% unchlorinated
100% chlorinated
Toxicity Times
Acmaea digitalis
hours
32
27
21
24 "
Acmaea scutun
O hours
32
22
27
21
P