ISTRIBUTION OF MARINE ALGAE
THE VICINITY OE A SEWAGE OUTFALL
AT CARMEL, CALIFORNIA
Introduction
For years, the standard method for an assay of
pollution has been a test for the presence of coliform
bacteria, under the assumption that these indicate the
presence of other, more harmful bacteria. While this
test may be useful from a public health viewpoint, it
fails to indicate the presence of sewage itself, which
these studies show, may contain more materials harmful
to the environment than coliform bacteria themselves.
An ideal test or "indicator" of pollution should meet
two criteria:be obtainable at all types of outfall areas
and be repeatable. The coliform test conforms to the
first, but is variable on repetition. This paper will
suggest a new type of indicator, that of varying algal
distribution around an intertidal outfall area, as a
helpful measure of the extent of total pollution. It
must be emphasized that this is a correlational study,
and that to be entirely accurate, further field and
laboratory tests would have to be run on the algae in
question to verify that it is the effluent that is re
sponsible for the distributional differences.
Douglas Grey
Comparitively little has been done concerning the
distribution of marine algae, especially around an outfall
Doty (1949) summarized the tidal effects on algal vertical
distribution and did some work in the Carmel area, before
the present outfall was built. His work, however, includes
only conspicuous genera and covered such a wide range of
coastline that this could not be used as a control. Ricketts
and Calvin (1939) give transects in much more detail, but do
not cover polluted areas that surround an outfall.
The Carmel outfall, Carmel, California was chosen as
the sample study area. It is situated on a rocky point
just south of the Carmel River mouth and about one mile
north of Point Lobos State Park. There are rocky inter-
tidal areas (see fig. 1) within 1000 yards to the north
and most of the way to Point Lobos to the south. There
was an ideal gradient of natural population densities
of marine algae.
Mapping and Current Studies
In thepreliminary tests, I was one of a group of five
students at Hopkins Marine Station studying the Carmel
putfall area. The initial research, that of mapping the
area around the outfall and studies of ocean currents in
the Carmel Bay, was a necessary prerequisite to all of
our individual projects. Using a measured line and compass
the immediate outfall area was mapped (fig.2) showing in
detail, rocks, tidepools, etc., 150 feet to either side
Douglas Grey
of the outfall pipe. A map (fig. 1) of a larger area was
obtained from the California State Department of Parks and
Recreation which showed the area from Mission Point (approx.
2000 feet north of the outfall) to Point Lobos (approx, one
mile south of the outfall).
Following this mapping, an extensive current study was
done of Carmel Bay south of the Carmel River. Both fluor¬
escein dye packets and 12 plastic bottles filled with fresh
water were used for each run. The dye packets were helpful
around the immediate area and the bottles were more useful
for the offshore currents. The dye packets were thrown into
the water and followed up to 1/2 hour, while the bottles
were dropped in a pre-determined pattern and sighted from
several reference points at 15 to 30 minute intervals. The
bottles were recovered after two to three days, if possible.
Figures 3A-E give the results of the current studies.
Around the outfall, there is a general flow towards the
beach, which then turns north, circles back toward the
ocean, and then heads directly south. The offshore currents
go directly south and gyre offshore from Monastery Beach.
ur current studies showed that the effluent missed the
rocks just south of the pipe, going far enough offshore,
but being carried back into shore by the gyre. This was
verified by the results of our chemical tests, this
station giving consistently lower concentrations of the
effluent constituents than stations further south, The
recovery percentages were 33% for the first current study
and 58% for the second.
278
Douglas Grey
Chemical Analyses
Chemical analyses of the effluent at selected
stations around the outfall area (fig. 4) were then
made for later comparison to the algal distributional
studies. Tests were made for eight parameters. Micro
gram-atom concentrations per liter were calculated for
phosphates, nitrites, and nitrates by standard methods
(Strickland and Parsons) as well as milliliters of
dissolved oxygen per liter using Winkler titration
(Strickland and Parsons). Salinity was measured with
a refractometer, and hydrogen sulfide and chlorine
were determined by iodine generation and thiosulfate
titration with a starch endpoint. Temperature was meas
ured with a standard centigrade thermometer.
The results ofthe chemical tests are summarized in
figures 5-8. The first station "A" is at the sewage plant
itself, and, after that, the stations correspond to the
geography, going from Mission Point at the north, through
the outfall area, and down to Point Lobos to the south.
The concentrations obtained through the tests verified
the direction of currents as studied. The values of
nitrites, phosphates, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorine
were all at their highest values at the plant, and show
gradual dilutions going south, with apparently no effluent
going to the north.
Douglas Grey
There were differences in the rates of dilution
of the constituents, phosphate and salinity diluting
the fastest, while nitrite and chlorine residues were
detectable in measurable quantities at North Point
Lobos. The nitrite given off by the outfall is oxidized
to nitrate, and these describe reciprocal curves on the
graphs. As previously stated, the low values at station
E, just south of the outfall, are explained by the cur-
rent pattern, showing the effluent missing the station.
Algal Distribution
Marine algal distribution was studied both quali
tatively and quantitatively. The qualitative aspect
was studied through the use of transects, imaginary
Lines running from the highest growth of marine algae to
mean lower low water. All algae within 1/2 ft. on either
side of these lines were noted on a cross-sectional map
of the rocky intertidal area being studied. If an alga
looked unhealthy, this too was noted. Transects (fig.9)
were taken both north and south of the outfall area,
ranging from Mission Point to Point Lobos.
The quantitative distributions were obtained using
wooden squares 1/2 meter on a side, the area studied
each time being 1/4 meter2. All marine algae within
the square were noted and again, if there was a definite
structural injury to the plant, this was also noted.
Douglas Grey
The selection of these distributional squares was not
random. Areas of five "characteristic types" (described
below) were chosen at each of eight transect stations
(excluding 3 and 5):
3-4 feet above mean lower low water
horizontal
inshore
direct sun
2-3 feet above mean lower low water
vertical
not facing waves
2-3 feet above mean lower low water
II.
vertical
facing waves
inshore
3-4 feet above mean lower low water
horizontal
standing water, direct sun
near wave action
4-5 feet above mean lower low water
horizontal
rocky, few plants
direct sun, splashed at high tide
Wost algae were identified in the field, but some
were taken into the lab and identified there.
The data from the transects are contained in fig.10A-J
The cross-sectional map appears at the top, the species
found are listed on the left margin, and their approxi
mate area of occurrence indicated with either half or a
full bar, relative to subjective population count.
Figure 11 shows the distribution of algae in these
transects and is a summary. A bar is placed in the appro
priate transect column showing occurrence. The length of
the bar is proportional to the population present in the
275
Douglas Grey
transect. The species are arranged with the species
occurring furthest away from the outfall listed first
and those occurring mainly at the outfall listed last
The empty bars indicate noticeable physical damage to
the algae, e.g., little side-branching, dryness, or
stunted growth.
The transects provide useful information concerning
the presence and qualitative abundance of marine algae
at various transect locations. These have an advantage
over the distributional squares because they cover a much
larger area and provide a more general idea of algal
distribution around an outfall area relative to tidal
height and wave exposure. Their primary value is contained
in their summary
The "V-shape" of the summary table in figure 11 in
dicates varying tolerance of marine algae to the effluent.
Codium fragile, Gastroclonium coulteri, and Postelsia
palmaeformis all appear in transects at a great distance
from the outfall. Hildenbrandia occidentalis, on the
other hand, appears in every transect, being extremely
dense at the outfall area. The algae listed between
these exhibit a gradient of resistance between algae
like Codium and Hildenbrandia, suggesting the hypothesis
that marine algae do have varying resistances to effluent
constituents, ranging from the type of alga affected at
ven small concentrations of effluent (which may be cal
Douglas Grey
culated from the results of the chemical tests) to
others which may withstand that same concentration of
effluent.
Tables 12 A-E show the results of the distribu
tional squares. Each species is followed through one
of the five types of locations, plotting the area
covered versus the distance from the outfall. The para
meter of area covered is assumed to be equivalent to the
suitability of the environment to growth of the alga.
These should quantify what was hypothesized by figure 11
and should give evidence supporting the use of certain
types of algae as indicators. These tables contain only
algae whose gradients seem significant. The entire list
of species appears in the appendix.
Concerning the individual species, Gigartina canal
iculata, appears to be the most sensitive to any concen¬
tration of effluent, since it occurs only on the seaward
side of Point Lobos. Leathesia difformis and Postelsia
palmaeformis exhibits slightly higher tolerance, their
first appearance still 4000 feet south of the outfall.
Both Gigartina canaliculata and Leathesia difformis are
common throughout the Monterey area. Both the articulated
and crustose corallines show a tremendous gradient (fig.12 B).
Mission Point, one of the control areas, shows crustose
coralline covering an area of over 2000 cm. This value
drops to zero behind the outfall and again rises to over
1600 cm2 at South Point Lobos, the seaward transect.
Douglas Grey
Gelidium spp.in three of the five population distributions
showed a similar gradient.
Hildenbrandia occidentalis shows a reverse gradient
(fig. 12 B) going from a control value below 100 cm, up
to 2250 cm in an area near the butfall, and back doun to
80 cm? in the control area on the opposite of the pipe.
Porphyra lanceolata shows this same gradient, but not
with the same dramatic figures.
The distributional squares show a correlation between
distance from the outfall and total number of species in
the square. (fig. 13) There exists a direct relationship,
i.e., few species close to the outfall and more species
as the distance increases. The exception to this, distri¬
bution type V in figure 12 E could be explained by the
higher intertidal organisms having less direct exposure
to the effluent. Organisms living closer to the lower
low water level are more constantly washed by effluent.
One correlation for further investigation is that
between the chemical concentrations found at various
locations and the algal distribution in those same
areas. If one could begin his tests on the effects of
algal viability of the effluent at the next higher
concentrations than was detected at the area where an
alga first occurred in the distributions, it might be
possible to ascertain exactly what constituent or con-
stituents are limiting its environment and at what
concentrations.
Douglas Gre
As for the use of any of these types of algae as
indicators, much more research would have to be done,
at different outfalls, under different conditions, and
over longer periods of time. The algal distributions
presented here do exhibit gradients which might imply
their use as indicators. The corallines, Endocladia
muricata, Gelidium spp., Iridaea splendens, Rhodoglossum
affine, Gigartina papillata, Gigartina canaliculata,
Egregia menziesii, Hildenbrandia occidentalis, and
Porphyra lanceolata all show signs of being possible
candidates for indicators of damage, but this study was
of only one outfall. To formulate conclusions, more
work must be done.
Douglas Grey
Conclusion
Both the current studies and the chemical studies
verified that the effluent is traveling south, along
the coast. There are measureable amounts of some com¬
ponents of effluent up to 4000 feet to the south of the
outfall. There is a difference in the rates of dilution
between constituents, this unexplained.
The algal distributions show effects up to that same
4000 feet to the south, with some algae appearing only
utside this distance (Gigartina canaliculata). The algae
show varying tolerances to the effluent, appearing at
different distances from the outfall, corresponding to
different concentrations of effluent. Indicator algae
must be verified at different locations, but this will
be a start. Concerning the Carmel outfall, this dis-
tributional study with additional studies will provide
a baseline measure of change through time.
Douglas Grey
Summary
Both transects and distributional squares may be used
to ascertain algal distribution.
Marine algal distribution around an outfall area shows
2.
distinct variations, dependent on the direction of
effluent flow.
There exists a varying resistance to the effluent in
different species, and within the same species.
The gradients shown by species of algae may lend them¬
selves to use as pollution indicators, but more work
must be done to minimize the variables of this study.
Douglas Grey
Acknowledgements
would like to thank Mr. Rich at Point Lobos State
Park for access to that area and Nr. Mehlert of the Cali-
fornia State Department of Parks and Recreation for the
Carmel Bay map. My special thanks go to Dr. Isabella A.
Abbott for help with identifications and aid in the
writing of this paper, but mainly for her encouragement
during the entire duration of my research. This study was
ipported by Undergraduate Research Program of the
National Science Foundation, grant GY-7288.
2
Literature Oited
Maxwell (1946) Critical Tide Factors that are
Doty,
correlated with the Vertical Distribution of
Marine Algae and other Organisms along the
Pacific Coast, Ecology, Vol 27 No. 4, 315-328.
Ricketts, Edward F. and Jack Calvin (1939), Between
Pacific Tides, Stanford Univ. Press.
Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons (1965), A Manual of
Sea Water Analysis, Fisheries Research Board of
Canada.
igur
Southern half of the Carmel Bay
XX

CARMEL BAY
S
S
..
JPOINT LOBOS
MISSION POINT

OUTFALL
Tr
MONASTERY
BEACH


Scale 1:10,000
8
gure ?
The immediate outfall area
—

—
—
I





)

O

O




N

outian

1
O


.
—
O
2


—


p
Figure 3 A
himedite ua ara
The currents around the
—
..-.-------——
--
S
--—.-----——

—
--.-

T

—





—



S
L




...








290
A







45
Figure 3
Mappings of Current Study One, done on May
Vrg
272


Carmel Bay
CURRENT STUDY I
May I1,1970
0930-1600


Mission Point

e
—


e


Pt. Lobos

O REF.PT.!
Outfall
OREE. PT2
ku
Monastery
Beach
1.10000
Scale
Rigure
Results of the second Current Study, done on May
4
Mission Point
Carmel
Bay
Mn
CURRENT
STUDY
II
May 25,1970-
-IIOO-1300
-..

-




-

-----



4
-4
7



t
w

4
er

Pt. Lobos
Scale
Outfall
0
Monastery
Beach
1:10000
27
N
4
igure
Readings for both of the current studies
Time
1032
1039
1102
1122
1132
1142
1232
1252
Time
1115
1130
1145
1215
5
12
Ref.
Pt.
Z
2
—
L
2
Ref.
Pt.
3
CURRENT STUDY I
Bottle No.
2
222° 233
215
207
200 205
212
185
197
206
215
218
210
202
222
185
227
216
230
233
222
214
210
206
214
213°
205
212°
200
208
218
209
206°
215
215
88 ° 205
212°
215
205
208
210
216
178
198
200
185
193
195
202
187
187
195
182
187
190
188
189
CURRENT STUDY II
Bottle No.
4
2
330
925
345
310
12
35
345
34
342
0
350
350
35/
358
350
5
353
8°
O°
355
0
10
3°
50
34
22
15
/2
20
322
337
345
35.
30
9
236
224
214
215
210
202
195
195
320
335
339
354
12
10
244
254
260
238
229°230
248
240
24
224 248
238
235
228
218
224
230
210
199
200
183°
20
10
12
315
3/6
318
334
330
335
337
335
336
350° 350
353
3
358
358
Figure 3
Recovery information for both of the current studies
Study
II
Bottle No.
12
10
11
12
Location
Monastery Beach
N. Pt. Lobos
Monastery Beach
prox. 50 yds. off
north end of
Monastery Beach
Date
5/21/70
5/25/70
5/22/70
5/27/70
5/27/70
11
11
295
igure
Stations for the chemical tests
2
.
x


Carmel Bay
LOCATION of SAMPLES
for CHEMICAL TESTS


—I S Pt Lobos
)3—
5—A. Sewage Plant
B. Mission Pt.
3
D. Outfall

G.
H. Monastery Beach
-I. N. Pt. Lobos
Scale 1: 10,000
30
Results of the chemical tests
5
252
35
30
25
20

510
Salinity
ao
A
—

A
Station
H

Station
Chlorine
—
S
ào
3
ABCDEE
Hyd rogen
Sulfide

GH
0
—
A B
Phosphate
DEFG
H
61
700
600
500
400
300
Station
303
Z
ao
A

Nitrate
Nitrite
H
Z
ao
25
20
15
10
A
D
E
Station
E
Station
H
—o
304
d
2
25
15
12
6
v¬
Dissolved
Location
Location
L
Oxygen
6
H
Temperature
10
35
igui
Locations of transects
O6
3
—10
Mission Point

Carmel Bay
LOCATION of TRANSECTS
Point Lobos
...
34
Outfall
Monastery Beach
Scale 1:10000
30
Figures 10
Results of transects taken in outfall area. The cross
section appears at the top. The bars are proportional
to subjective population counts.
30
.



75
25
5
Species
Agardhiella coulter
Alaria marginata
Cladophora spp.
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Cystoseira osmundacea
Egregia menziesii
Endocladia muricata
IEnteromorpha spp.
Fucus distichus
Gatgore
Gelidium spp.
Gigartinaagardhii
Gigartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaea spp.
Laminariasinclairii
Pelvetiafastigiata
Prionitis lanceolata
Phyllospadix
Ralfsia pacifica
Rhodoglossum spp.
Ulva lobata


34
DisTAce on HHW (g


E
760
1 70
30
D


5 1o
25


Species
Agardhiella coulteri
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Egregia menziesii
Endocladia muricata
Enteromorpha spp.
Fucus distichus
Gelidium coulteri
Gigartina agardhii
Gigartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
ridaea spp.
Laminaria sinclairii
Peyssoneliappadffica
Phyllospadix
Porphyra lanceolata
Prionitis lanceolata
Rhodoglossum affine
Ulva lobata
a
75
90
3
DISTANCE FRAN HHNE7)
E
50
5
4

3/0
71oo
5
X
00
D




2
40
Darxce rea dW 1er

Species
Alaria marginata
Corallina-articulated
Corallina-crustose
Cystoseira osmundacea
Egregiamenziesii
Fucus distichus
Gatgore
Gigartina papillata
Grateloupia setchelli
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaeaspp
Laminarialsinclairii
Phyllospadix
Porphyra lanceolata
Prionitis lanceolata
Ralfsiatpacifica
Rhodoglossum affine
Ulva lobata
60

70

3/
9.

952

34

-2

2
5


Species
Cladophora trichotoma
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Egregia menziesii
Endocladia muricata
Fucus distichus
Gatgore!
Gelidium coulteri
Gigartina agardhii
Gigartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaeaspp.
Pelvetiopsis limitata
Porphyralanceolata
Prionitis andersonii
Rhodoglossum affine
Ulvatlobata
Heterochordaria abietina
Callithamnion pikeanum
.
DISTANCE FeO AAW (er)
6

X
o1

45
20
.



Species
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Egregia menziesii
Endocladiamuricata
Enteromorpha spp.
Fucus distichus
"Gatgore!
Gigartina agardhi
Gigartina papillata
Gelidium coulteri
Grateloupia setchelli
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaeaspp.
Laminaria sinclairii
Porphyratlanceolata
Prionitis lanceolata
Heterochordaria abietina
Ralfsiapacifica
Rhodoglossum affine
Ulva lobata
6o
7/40
116

S


2
7
129
Disraxce Aoe HHW (er)
3/3
9.
952
5
10 20
30
Species
Cladophora trichotoma
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Egregialmenziesii
Endocladia muricata
Fucus distichus
atgoe
Gigartina agardhii
Gigartina papillata
Hilldenbrandia occidentalis
Hridaeaspp.
Laminaria sinclairii
Porphyra lanceolata
Prionitis lanceolata
Phyllospadix
HUlva lobata
100
3/
15


X


2


/0
20
Species
Cladophora trichotoma
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Endocladia muricata
Fucus distichus
Gatgore
Gigartina corymbifera
Gigartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaea spp
Pelvetia fastigiata
HPhyllospadix
Prionitistlanceolata
Rhodoglossumaffine
+Gigartina agardhii
30

40
30
DISTANSE FRON HHW


70
3/
9
5
232
2
00

7.
S0
-2
30
10
20




Species
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Cystseira osmundacea
Dictyneurum californicum
Egregia menziesii
Endocladia muricata
Fucus distichus
Gatgore
Gelidium coulteri
Gigartina agardhii
Gigartina corymbifera
Gigartina papilllata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Hridaeaspp
FLaminaria sinclairii
Pelvetia fastigiata
Porphyra lanceolata
Prionitis lanceolata
Phyllospadix
Rhodoglossum affine
E
DiSTANE Eon W


70

80
3/6
95


S4.
§2
2
S
10
20
30
50
Digevce ee HHNe


Species
Agardhiella coulteri
Alaria marginata
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Callithamnion pikeanum
Cladophora trichotoma
Cystoseira osmundacea
Egregia menziesii
Endocladiamuricata
Gigartina agardhii
Gigartina californica
Gigartina canaliculata
HGigartina corymbifera
Gigartina papillata
Gatgore"
Gelidiumoulter
Heterochordaria abietina
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaeaspp.
HLaminariatsinclairii
Leathesia difformis
Macrocystistintegrifolia
icrocladia coulteri
Pelvetialfastigiata
Phyllospadix
Porphyralanceolata
Postelsia palmaeformis
Prionitis lanceolata
Rhodoglossumaffine
Ulva lobata
Fucus distichus


68
70
2
8/7
952
X
00
8

1/


Species
Agardhiella coulteri
Alaria marginata
Callithamnion pikeanum
Cladophora trichotoma
Codium fragile
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Cystoseira osmundacea
Desmarestia californicum
Egregiatmenziesii
Endocladia muricata
Enteromorpha spp.
Fucus distichus
Gastroouu
Gelidiumspp.
Gigartina agardhii
Gigartina californica
Gigartina canaliculata
Gigartina corymbifera
Gigartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaea spp.
Laminaria sinclairii
Macrocystis integrifolia
Microcladia spp.
Pelvetia fastigiata
Peyssonelia pacifica
Phyllospadix
Porphyra lanceolata
Postelsia palmaeformis
Prionitis lanceolata
Rhodoglossum affine
Ulva lobata
30


40
50
DISTANSE FRO KHW

70
190
J
Summary of the transect information
Each bar is proportional to population found in the
transect. Empty bars indicate visible physical damage.
952
X
SPECIES
Codium fragile
Desmarestia herbacea
Gastroclonium coulteri
Macrocystis integrifolia
Postelsia palmaeformis
Agardhiella coulteri
Callithamnion pikeanum
Dictyoneurum californicum
Gigartina talifornica
Peyssonelia pacifica
Alaria marginata
Cladophora trichotoma
Cystoseira osmundacea
Gigartina canaliculata
Gigartina corymbifera
Leathesia difformis
Microcladia spp.
Pelvetia fastigiata
Phyllospadix
Coralline-articulated
Coralline-crustose
Endocladiamuricata
Enteromorpha Spp.
Egregia menziesii
Fucus distichus
Gatgore
Gelidium spp.
Gigartina agardhii
Gigartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Iridaea spp.
Laminaria sinclairii
Porphyralanceolata
Prionitis lanceolata
Heterochordaria abietina
Rhodoglossumaffine
Ulva lobata
Grateloupia setchelli
Ralfsia pacifica
Laurencia spectabili
Total  of Species
27.
22
Transect Numben
5
20
23
24
21
9
3
10
Mr

32

Z
29

31
2

37

9.
Tables 12 A-E
Tables of results of Distributional Squares - note
gradients through the outfall
32
Population Distribution
Description of the area:
4-5 feet above lower low water
horizontal
inshore
direct sun
Area Covered
(cm /m./4)
Location
Species
Leathesia difformis
Heterochordaria abietina
Egregia menziesii
Callithamnion pikeanum
Corallines-crustose
Gigartina canaliculata
Iridaea
Gelidium
Endocladia muricata
300
170
25
Corallines-articulated
25
20
Gigartina papillata
25
50
375
Ulva lobata
15
475
Cladophora
300 1250 1000
Porphyra lanceolata
40
20
60
500
375
360 1250
320 750
625
50
85
320
280
120
10
450
500
250
200
180
225
Population Distribution I
Description of the area:
Vertical
2-3 feet above lower low water
offshore
not facing waves
Area Covered
(cm /m /4)
Location
Species
Gigartina canaliculata
Pelvetia fastigiata
Leathesia difformis
Agardhiella coulteri
Iridaea flaccida
Rhodoglossum spp.
190
Gigartina agardhii
Egregia menziesii
2250
60 200
100
Gelidium spp.
150
250
Endocladia muricata
175
Callithamnion pikeanum
150
20
150
Gigartina papillata
90 6600
50
70
Iridaea splendens
750
2250
40
700
Corallines-crustose
750
75
140
100
30
Corallines-articulated
100
40
Porphyra lanceolata
15
1250 2250
125
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
35
150
200
120
Ulva lobata
250
10
625
50
625
300
25
50
900
600
450
625
830
390
3000
20
100
155
20
370
150
1500 1625
750 1250
500
40
80
250
75
Population Distribution
Description of the area:
vertical
2-3 feet above lower low water
inshore
facing waves
Area Covered
(cm /m /4)
Location
Species
240
digartina canaliculata
750
Pelvetia fastigiata
20
Leathesia difformis
130
Rhodoglossum spp.
100
Agardhiella coulteri
300 3000
30(
Egregia menziesii
100
100 200
27
Gigartina papillata
320
30
Gelidium spp.
100
700 1000
200
Endocladia muricata
420 750 1000
400
120
150
Iridaea spp.
70 1000
50
700
320
110
70
Corallines-articulated
1500 1125
40
100
100
60
200
Corallines-crustose
275
625
30
90
300 256 1750
70
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Population Distribution IV
Description of the area:
3-4 feet above lower low water
heavily populated
standing water
direct sun
near to wave action
Area Covered
(cm /m /4)
Location
Species
Gigartina canaliculata
Postelsia palmaeformis
Agardhiella coulteri
Microcladia spp.
Rhodoglossum spp.
160
Prionitis lanceolata
Gigartina agardhii
Iridaea spp.
100
50 240
Egregia menziesii
100
225
Gelidium spp.
15
190
Endocladia muricata
50
Corallines-crustose
20
Corallines-articulated
700
120 450 240
20
35
50
150
30
15
15
580
80
50
150
750
375
180
100
50
80
550
900
40
230
130
50
50 153
50 1500
200
100
300
80
230
300
550
32.
Population Distribution V
Description of the area:
4-5 feet above lower low water
few plants, rocky
direct sun
splashed at high tide
horizontal
Area Covered
(cm /m /4)
Location
Species
digartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Porphyra lanceolata
90
Pelvetiopsis limitata
Endocladia muricata
Corallines-crustose
15 30
20
20
4 10
10
20
S26
igure 1
Total number of species in each distribution square

Ca
Distribution type
II
III
IV
Location
10
8
11
10
3
10
10
9 11
12 13
11
12
8 10 12 16 14
12 17 15 20 10
2 2
2
3
3
Sa
PPENDIX
List of Species(full name)
Additional Distributional information
List of Species
Agardhiella coulteri (Harvey) Setchell
Alaria marginata Postels and Ruprecht
Callithamnion pikeanum Harvey
Cladophora spp.
Codium fragile (Soringer) Hariot
Coralline spp. articulated
Coralline spp. crustose
Cystoseira osmundacea (Menziés) C.A. Agardh
Desmarestia herbacéa (Turner) Lamouroux
Dictyoneurum californicum Ruprecht
Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug
Endocladia muricata (Postels and Ruprecht) J.G. Agardh
Enteromorpha spp.
Fucus distichus (Gardner) Hollenberg and Abbott
Gastroclonium coulteri (Harvey) Kylin
"Gatgore"-green algae that grows on rocks everywhere
Gelidium spp.
Gigartina agardhii Setchell and Gardner
Gigartina californica J.G. Agardh
Gigartina canaliculata Harvey
Gigartina corymbifera (Kutzing) J.G.Agardh
Gigartina papillata (C.A.Agardh) J.G.Agardh
Grateloupia sitchelli Kylin
Heterochordaria abietina (Ruprecht) Setchell and Gardner
Hildenbrandia occidentalis Setchell
Iridaea spp.
Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey) Farlow
Laurencia spectablis Postels and Ruprecht
Leathesia difformis (linnaeus) Areschoug
Macrocystis pyrifera (linnaeus) C.A Agardh
Microcladia spp.
Pelvetia fastigiata (.G. Agardh DeToni
Pelvetiopsis limitata (Setchell) Gardner
Peysonnelia pacifica Kylin
Porphyra lanceolata (Setchell and Hus) G.M. Smith
Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht
Prionitis andersonii Eaton
Prionitis lanceolata Harve,
Ralfsia pacifica Hollenberg (mss)
Rhodoglossum affine (Harvey) Kylin
Ulva lobata (kutzing) Setchell and Gardner
33
Population Distribution
Description of the area:
4-5 feet above lower low water
horizontal
inshore
direct sun
Covered
Area
(cm
Species
300
Endocladia muricata
300 1250 1000 375
Porphyra lanceolata
270
Fucus distichus
Pelvetia fastigiata
50
475
Cladophora
Ulva lobata
50
375
500
20
25
60
Gigartina papillata
25
Coralline-articulated
170
20
15
50
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
20
100
100
Gatgore
30
Prionitis lanceolata
20
Gelidium.
Iridaeaisplendens
40
Gigantinalcanaliculata
Gigartina agardhii
Coralline-crustose
Callithamnion pikeanum
Egregianmenziesii
Heterochordaria abietina
Leathesia difformis
Peyssonelia pacifica
Total Number of Species
360 1250
50
1800
320
750
40
10
320
10
120
280
220
10
85
625
225
180
200
250
250
500
450
Population Distribution II
Description of the area:
2-3 feet above lower low water
vertical
not facing waves
Area Covered
Location
Species
Endocladia muricata
175
Callithamnion pikeanum
100
Gelidium
40
2250
700
Coralline-crustose
75
30
140
750
Coralline-articulated
100
40
Porphyra lanceolata
1250 2250
Hildenbrandia occidentalis35
150
90
Iridaea splendens
50
70
200
120
Ulva lobata
80
Grateloupia setchelli
20
150
Gigartina papillata
1000
Fucusdistichus
2250
Egregialmenziesii
Gigartina agardhii
Rhodoglossum
625
Gatgore
Peyssonelia pacifica
Iridaea flaccida
Agardhiella coulteri
Leathesia difformis
Pelvetia fastigiata
Gigartina canaliculata
250
Alaria marginata
Total Number of Species
250
750
100
125
6600
150
200
190
10
100
20
12
625
50
10
25
50
900
300
625
250
75
100
155
20
20
1500 1625
750 1250
500
40
80
250
150
370
150
3000
390
1(
830
625
450
375
600
13
12
32
Population Distribution III
Description of the area:
vertical
2-3 feet above lower low water
inshore
facing waves
Area Covered
(cm
Location
Species
2000
Endocladia muricata
Iridaea splendens
150
35
Coralline-articulated
700
70
200
60
Coralline-crustose
70
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
300
20
Gelidium
Ralfsia pacifica
Fucus distichus
Gigartina papillata
Ulva lobata
Porphyra lanceolata
Heterochordaria abietina
Cladophora
Gigartina agardhii
Gatgore
Iridaea flaccida
Callithamnion pikeanum
Egregia menziesii
300
Agardhiella coulteri
Leathesia difformis
Rhodoglossum
Pelvetia fastigiata
Gigartina canaliculata
Alaria marginata
1875
700
Prionitis lanceolata
Microcladia
11
Total Number of Species
420
110
40
256 1750
400
30
200
10
10
100
700 1000
120
750 1000
1000
320
70
100 1500
100
625
90
30
30
320
100
100
200
50
750
100
100
40
360
60
300 3000
100
20
130
20
60
12
16
10
400
50
1125
275
140
275
120
200
120
60
10
750
240
14
Population Distribution IV
Description of the area:
3-4 feet above lower low water
heavily populated
standing water
direct sun
near to wave action
Area Covered
(cm
Location
Species
190
Endocladia muricata
700
120
Coralline-articulated
Gelidium
225
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
225 1250
50
Coralline-crustose
200
Gatgore
80
Fucus distichus
Heterochordaria abietina
80
100
Egregia menziesii
Gigartina papillata
Leathesia difformis
Ulva lobata
Gastroclonium coulteri
Iridaea splendens
100
Pelvetia fastigiata
Gigartina agardhii
Prionitis lanceolata
160
Cladophora
Rhodoglossum
Alaria marginata
Microcladia
Porphyra lanceolata
450
Grateloupia setchell
Callithamnion pikeanum
Postelsia palmaeformis
Gigartina canaliculata
Agardhiella coulteri
Total Number of Species
450 240
100
220
20
50
170
1250
600
180
160
240
50
170
30
20
10
60
12
15
580
30
400
15
100
15
100
250
150
1200
50
35
10
20
50
130
50
1500
40
230
275
220
50 1525
15
50
10
900
100
15
10
80
550
1000
50
100
375
180
20
750
150
150
50
50
50
80
20
230
550
80
120
300
330
300
100
100
200
Population Distributiony
Description of the area:
4-5 feet above lower low water
few plants, rocky
direct sun
splashed at high tide
horizontal
Area Covered
(cm
Location
Species
digartina papillata
Hildenbrandia occidentalis
Porphyra lanceolata
Pelvetiopsis limitata
Endocladia muricata
Coralline-crustose
Total Number of Species
30
35