Abstract
The effect of primary treated sewage on the distribution
and abundance of microfauna found associated with three species
of algae, characteristic of the low, mid and high intertidal,
was studied. The results show that the sewage effluent
effects thesdistribution of microfauna most srtongly in
Prionitis lanceolata and Corralina vancouveriensus, algae
representative of mid and low intertidal species, Microfauna
associated with Endocladia muricata, the representative alga
of the high intertidal, was effected only in the immediate
region of the outfall. Information from current studies
and chemical-physical assays in the study area allowed a
hypothesis of effluent dispersal and effect to be made.
Certain species, by their presence or absence on algae
in the immediate outfall area, seem to be possible indicators
of marine pollution.
55
Introduction
The effects of sewage effluents on the marine environ-
ment are not well understood. While fresh water and estuarine
pollution have been rigorously studied, (Jones, 1964;
Ingram, Mackenthum, Bartsch, 1966 ), the marine situation
has been sorely neglected. A major reason for this has
been the difficulty in isolating sewage effects in a
complicated marine environment. At the present time local
and State Health Agencies have been relegated to using
coliform bacteria counts as the only standard measure of
pollution. Experience has shown, however, that this method
is unsatisfactory (Carter, Carpenter, Whaley, 1967;
Nuebaum, Garver, 1955 ). A more accurate and substantial
indicator of marine pollution is needed. It was with this
problem in mind that the present study was undertaken.
Pacific Grove, California, discharges approximately
1.6 million gallons of primary treated sewage daily from an
outfall located on Point Pinos within the boundaries of the
Pt. Pinos Lighthouse Reservation, a Marine Life Preserve.
The end of the outfall is located approximately 160 meters
from the base of the point in a rocky intertidal area on the
south side, and lies one foot below mean lower low water
(-1.0 ft.) in a region that recieves heavy surf.
Studies carried out during the Spring of 1970 at the
Hopkins Marine Station revealed significant differences in
macrofaunal and floral distribution between the immediate
outfall area and other, less polluted regions of the point.
1
2.
However, these overt differences were limited to a small
area of no more than 20 meters radius from the end of the
pipe. A search for an indicator of more widespread and
subtle effects suggested the efficacy of studying micro-
faunal distribution in the Pt. Pinos area. Might not
microfaunal distributions and associations reflect subtle
differences in the environment not mirrored by by macro-
fauna? Specifically, might algae-microfaunal associations,
which are numerous and constant for a given defined region
(Glynn, 1963 ) serve as an indicator of marine pollution?
I decided to study the distribution of microfauna on
three species of algae characteristic of low (-1.0 to +1.0
ft.), medium (+1.0 to +3.0 ft.) and high (+3.0 to 15.0 ft.)
tidal heights in order to determine the effects of the effluent
as well as the role played by tidal height.
Material and Methods
Preliminary information on currents and physical-
chemical attributes of the study area was obtained from
investigations made in the Spring of 1970 at the Hopkins
Marine Station (Anon, 1970).
Samples of algae were taken from around the point at
convenient locations. All sample locations were resampled
one to three times. The algae chosen were all red algae,
the most extensive group present in this area.
Endocladia muricata was chosen as being the representative
alga of the high intertidal. (+3.0 to +5.0 ft.). The sample
sites ranged from +3.0 to +5.0 feet, with all samples
being taken from horizontal surfaces. All sample sites
were equally exposed to high tide wave action. Figure 2
shows the location of the Endocladia sample sites.
Replicate samples are grouped into area for convenience
and future reference. No Endocladia samples were taken
from Area l to Area 2 due to the fact that no Endocladia
could be found in this area. Whether or not the absence
of this alga can be attributed to the effects of the ef-
fluent is unclear.
Prionitis lanceolata was chosen as being a representa-
tive alga of the mid-intertidal. (+1.0 to +3.0 ft.)
This species was the only macroalga present in the im-
mediate outfall area. Figure 3 shows the location of the
Prionitis sample sites, which range from 0.0 to 14.5 feet.
Exposure ranges from semi-protected on the north side of the
point to full wave shock in areas 3-8.
Corralina vancouveriensus was chosen as a representative
alga of the low intertidal. (-1.0 to +1.0 ft.) Sample
sites range from -1.0 to +1.0 feet. Figure 4 shows the
location of these sample sites, all of which were open to
direct wave action at low tide. Due to adverse conditions
however, fewer Corralina samples were collected.
Each of these algae are perennials, and as such can
be expected to have a permanent population of associated
microfauna (Abbott, 1970).
18.
Wave action ranged from slight in areas 1, 2 and
3, to heavy in areas 4-9 (Figure 3). Samples collected
from the west end of the point, area 10, were protected
from wave action but experienced a strong surge on both
rising and falling tides. Samples from areas 11, 12 and
13 recieved a moderate amount of wave action. Sites
further east along the north side of the point, area 12,
recieved only light surf (Figure 2).
Collections were made at periods of low tide,
employing a chisel to remove the alga and it's holdfast
from the rocks. These were placed in plastic bags and
brought back to the lab for analysis. From-5.0 to 20.0
grams of Endocladia and Corralina were collected on each
occasion except where not available in areas 1 and 2.
In those cases the algae available was taken. In the case
of Prionitis samples one entire plant and holdfast was
taken for each sample. Samples were taken from ten areas
each time, with a 2-4 day interim between replicates.
The samples were analyzed by placing them in finger bowls
with 5% ethanol in distilled water and removing the organisms
under a dissecting scope. Organisms were identified as
closely as possible then preserved in 80% ethanol for
further reference. The algae were dried for-24 hours at
60 C in a drying oven and weighed.
The Simpson and Shannon-Weiner indices were used to
compute the species diversity for each sample. The
15
Simpson index is given by the formula
where Nis the total number
D- N(N-1
of animals found
En(n-1)
and nis the number of individuals
of each species.
This index corresponds to the number of randomly selected
pairs of individuals that must be drawn from a community
in order to have an even chance of obtaining a pair with
both individuals of the same species.
The Shannon-Weiner index is based on the Shannon-Weiner
function from the field of information theory. As a
diversity index for biotic communities the function
describes the average degree of uncertainty of predicting
the species of an individual picked at random from the
community. It is given by the formula
D= 3.219 (19510 -1Enlog 10n)
where N and nare the same as for the Simpson index
(Cox, 1967).
Neither index is free from sample size bias, but
both are equally affected. It must be kept in mind,
however, that I am applying these indices to samples of
different sizes. The Simpson index would be expected to
give low results for samples containing one species
in great excess of the others.
66
6.
Results
Table l shows the results of a one day chemical
study made in the Pt. Pinos area. This table also
includes information on temperature, pH and dissolved
oxygen levels determined at both high and low tides.
It can be seen from the low tide figures that a gradient
exists on either side of the outfall, which suggests
that areas 2-5 in Figure 2 may be the most effected by
the effluent. Note that the differencesiin physical-
chemical parameters at high tide all but disappear.
This suggests that at high tide the effluent is diluted
considerably with fresh seawater. Figure 1 shows a
composite of the local currents at both high and low
tides. This data appears to account for the distribution
of the effluent around the point. Coupling the information
from Table 1 and Figure 1 one would expect to find damage
in areas 3, 4, 6 and 11 in Figure 3, as well as areas
in the immediate vicinity of the outfall.
As mentioned earlier, the distribution of macrofauna
and flora in the immediate outfall area shows a marked change
from other areas of the point. The numbers of algal and
invertebrate species present is severely reduced, and
many of those organisms whish are present appear sickly
and unhealthy.
Endocladia: Table 2 shows the tabulated data for
samples of Endocladia. Note the variation in the total
number of taxonomic groups in relation to distance from
the outfall. Also of some significance is the mean number
16
of animals per gram dry weight for the replicate areas
and the ranges for the diversity indices at increased
distances from the outfall. Table 3 shows the species
composition of the animals found. Species seem to be
rather evenly distributed, except for the Amphipoda,
which do not appear in samples taken in the immediate
area of the outfall (10 meters radius). Figure 5 illus-
trates the distribution by phyla. Again, other than the
Arthropoda, there appears to be a relatively even dis-
tribution. A plot of the mean diversity indices and
mean numbers of taxonomic groups for the replicate areas
is shown in Figure 6, and these curves show dips at the
outfall and at area 9 across the point from the outfall.
Prionitis: Table 4 presents the tabulated data for
Prionitis. Again, note the changes in the total number of
taxonomic groups present and the diversity indices at sites
around the point. Area 9 shows a very definite cut-off
line where both of these parametersgo from low values to
quite high values. It may be that these figures reflect
the radius of effect of the effluent for this species of
alga and it's microfauna. Table 5 demonstrates the species
composition of the samples. It appears from this table that
Nereid worms, Amphipods and Copepods by their absence,
and Tethymia aptena, a fly larvae, by it's presence may
serve as pollution indicators. The distribution by
phyla (Figure 7) suggests that the Arthropods, Annelids
and Molluscs are effected in the outfall area within a radius
of 25 meters. Figure 8 represents a plot of the mean
diversity indices and numbers of taxonomic groups as a
function of distance from theoutfall. Note the strong dip in
the region of the outfall, and the smaller dip in area 11.
Corralina: The tabulated data for Corralina is shown
in Täbles6. Once again, note the changes in total number
of taxonomic groups and diversity indices in sample sites
near and away from the outfall. Also, the numbers of orga-
nisms per gram dry weight shows a drop in samples taken in
the outfall area. Table 7 demonstrates the species compo-
sition for these samples. Note the marked differences in
the occurence of the Amphipods, Puggetia and the tunicates.
Also, to a lesser extent, Pagurus, Mohnia and Tricolia show
similar trends.
Figure 9 shows the distribution by phyla for the
Corralina samples. Only the Arthropoda seem to show any kind
of gradient through the outfall area. A plot of the mean
number of taxonomic groups and diversity indices against the
areas sampled is shown in Figure 10.
Specific indicators of pollution: Figure 11 shows a
listing of the species found associated with Corralina (top)
and Prionitis (bottom) which appear to show the greatest
variation in abundance as related to the presence of the out-
fall. Of the species found with Endocladia, only the Amphipods
showed distributional effects related to the outfall area.
16.
9.
Discussion
The results indicate that the primary treated effluent
is causing changes in the distribution of algal microfauna
in the Pt. Pinos area. This is shown by the fact that gra-
dients in microfaunal populations through the outfall area cor-
respond with chemical gradients produced by the dispersed
effluent. Current study results show how the effluent may
be dispersed in this manner.
That a change in the microfauna exists is shown by var-
iations in diversity indices, total number of taxonomic groups
and mean numbers of animals per gram dry weight found in
samples within the area influenced by the effluent. These
variations are in full accord with the dispersal pattern of
the effluent material. In two species, Prionitis and
Corralina, certain species found in other areas completely
disappear from the samples taken in the vicinity of the out-
fall, suggesting that they might be potential indicator
species.
The effect of tidal height is important. Endocladia
showed radical variations in the immediate outfall area, but
at greater distances seemed relatively unaffected. However,
it does seem that at high tide contaminated water crosses the
point and effects the community on the north side. This
again is suggested by the pattern of effluent movement at
high tide.
Prionitis showed a marked effect in the outfall area,
with the influence of the sewage effluent apparently extending
10.
farther to the east and west than in Endocladia. Only
a slight effect is observed in Prionitis across the point
from the outfall. As the primaryly fresh water effluent
wouls tend to float on the surface, it may be that at high
tide the water crossing the point affects only the higher
intertidal species such as Endocladia. When this water cros-
sing the point encounters incoming water on the north side of
the point, its movement may be slowed to the point where
heavier materials in the effluent may settle out. Thus
while the mid-intertidal may not be effected, the material
settling out may effect the low intertidal, as observed
below with Corralina.
Corralina shows broad-based effects extending in both
directions from the outfall, with a slight effect seen in
the area directly across the point from the outfall.
From these results it seems that Endocladia is only
subjected to the effects of the sewage at high tides, when
the effluent is most dilute (Table 1). Also, at high tide
polluted water crosses the point and apparently damages the
communities there in a limited area, This is in accord with
the earlier predictions made on the basis of chemical and
current studies. Prionitis is subjected to effluent laden
waters on rising, falling and during high tides. Corralina
is exposed to strongly polluted waters only at very low
tides! At other times the polluted water covering this alga
are probably well diluted. The most strongly polluted water
would at all times be found on the surface due to the fresh
water nature of the effluent.
Within a radius of 50 meters from the outfall damage
162
11.
appears to be noticeable. Outside of this area, variations
in the parameters measured cannot be attributed solely to
the presence of effluent because of natural variation.
However, sewage effluent may be contributing to some of
the differences observed. Mid-intertidal and low intertidal
algae and microfauna seem to be the most strongly effected,
with high intertidal species effected but slightly.
It also appears that certain species of animals,
notably the Amphipods, Copepods, Pugettia, Nereid worms,
Tricolia, Mohnia and Barleeia by their absence and
Tethymia aptena, by its presence on the effected algae may
serve as specific indicators of pollution. More research
concerning the distribution of these species in polluted
waters may prove their usefulness to field workers looking
for a criterion of marine pollution.
A specific ecological survey, as presented here, can be
usefull in showing the extent and severity of damage in
polluted areas:. However, such a study demands considerable
time and effort on the part of the investigator. This
approach has provided insights into possible specific
indicators of pollution, which may be usefull tools in
combating the degredation of our environment.
Acknovledgments:
I wish to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of
Dr. Welton L. Lee of the Hopkins Marine Station in the
preparation and critical editing of this paper.
This project was supported in part by the National
Science Foundation, Grant No. CY-7288.
66
Literature Cited
Abott. 1. A. 1970. Personal Comunication.
Sartsch, A. F., W. M. Ingram, K.M. Nackenthum. 1966.
Biological Field Investigative Data for Water
Pollution Surveys. U. S. Department of the
Federal Water Pollution Control
Interior.
Administration.
Carter, H. H., J. Hm Carpenter., R. C. Whaley. 1967.
The Bactericidal Effect of Seawater Under Natural
Conditions. Jour. Water Pollution Control
Federation.
1967. Laboratory Manual of General
Cox, G. W.
Ecology. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa. 116-119.
Glynn, P. W. 1963. Ecological studies on the Endocladia
muricata- Balanus glandula association in the inter
tidal zone in Monterey Bay, California. Ph. D.
Thesis. Beaufortia, Amsterdam.
1964. Fish and River Pollution.
Jones, J. R. E.
Butterworth's, London.
1955. Survival of Coliform
Nuebaum, I., R. M. Garver.
Organisms in Pacific Ocean Coastal Waters.
Sewage and Industrial Wastes.
Anon.
1970. Unp.
lished Report of the Undergraduate
Research Participation Program, Hopkins Marine
Station, April 1970.
Table 1.
Chemical-physical attributes of the study
area, Pt. Pinos, Monterey, California.
Values for low and high tides, May 22,
1970. Station 16 taken at the Hopkins
Marine Station represents the attributes
of normal seawater.
Station Salinity Temp. pH
PO,
Ne,
D.09
128
asl
tgafL
1/2
Logpl
Eow Tide
33.74
10.7
7.76
.088
5.76
3.39
33.75
10.5
7.81
6.27
.058
6.66
33.66
7.88
10.2
5.00
.023
6.80
0.98
76
6.61
115
2.0
19.2
6.83
.115
19.
6.71
2.4
110
091
22.74
62
153
.274
7.09
2.8
16.
32.29
26
7.58
.038
11.6
2.0
.091
30.39
12.4
30
7.62
.153
.183
3.3
33.86
274
7.80
3.00
.004
11.0
3.0
10
33.95
7.86
10.5
2.00
.027
7.2
5.00
33.45
11
.023
6.8
7.88
11.2
33.45
12
10.8
7.89 2.00
023
6.8
13
33.98
004
11.6
7.52
3.00
7.2
14
33.86
.073
11.1
7.59 4.00
33.96
15
11.8
7.71
1.00
.024
7.3
16
33.97
.027
12.4
8.03
.091
1.00
High Tide
33.50
13.3
6.00
.065
8.12
11.2
411
33.29
11.5
8.06
6.00
.073
8.4
365
33.54
7.00
.096
.548
8.01
31.04
29
12.3
7.79
7.0
.183
.092
31.14
29
088
11.8
6.9
.046
7.80
31.32
.188
.594
12.0
6.8
7.81
31.36
157
27
7.81
411
33.54
11.0
7.90
7.6
.365
21
.131
10
33.73
11.5
8.05
6.00
457
.042
9.2
33.69
8.26
8.5
365
11
11.3
3.00
.042
12
10.9
7.8
.320
33.81
8.01
3.00
.050
13
33.95
8.38
11.4
.040
7.9
.228
2.00
14
33.70
8.22
.046
3.00
061
8.2
12.1
33.75
15
12.7
.050
.365
8.51
1.00
8.1
16
33.66
091
12.4
8.21 0.90
.015
Sample Station Locations

O
2
(
(8

61
Outfall
9

-Hopkinss Marine Station
(0
C12
Aom
11
170
Fig.1.
Current systems in the Pt. Pinos Area, Monterey,
California. Composite of flourescein dye and
drift bottle studies of nearshore currents in and
about Pt. Pinos during the Spring of 1970.
The stipled area represents the visible sewage
field. Arrows indicate the direction and relative
strength of the current systems studied. Results of
more recent studies concurrent with this investigation
suggested that these patterns are similar to those
prevailing during this study.
8
de fed. 42.
Nrde bol ti



99
Ho Te uy
2

O
Bint fhes
11
.
Fig. 2.
Location of Endocladia muricata sample sites
around Pt. Pinos, Monterey, California.
Letter prefixes indicate samples taken on the
same day. Replicate samples are grouped inte
areas.
Scale: 1 inch- 16 meters.
CHANT
stcnor
Net
AREA

48
S
—
N
H6 15 16 c9
Lade fod d2
o
c8
3 Orde hol i

52
12
ourart
0
18
s
19-
18

19
ARIA
08
36
-D 16
19—
O
110
—/


3
12
8.
Aeta
ert Hes
AREA

ARLA

110
10

/.

1


2o
Fig. 3.
Location of Prionitis lanceolata sample
sites, around Pt. Pinos, Monterey,
California. Letter prefixes indicate
samples taken on the same day. Replicate
samples are grouped into areas
Scale: 1 inch - 16 meters.
CROSS
CHAN
INCH

ata
Bint fos
176
2o
AREA
AREA
AREA

67 15 66

Iide sodl 42
482
—A6
38
65
a Orde kel 41
Q
8


s

XAS
17
64

AL
o

-A16
+
C
o

-65
as
AS
S


Ata
61
A13


—2
A 7
e
—41
+
4
816
++

o

81
510
e
O
—610

AREA
+
Fig. 4.
Location of Corralina vancouverensius sample
sites around Pt. Pinos, Monterey, California.
Letter prefixes indicate samples taken on the
same day. Replicate samples are grouped into
areas.
Scale: 1 inch - 16 meters.
CHAMPION
ROSS SECTION
AREA
2
28

5.
AREA

0
ma k7
Vde fod d2
s
ke
de kol. 41
n
13
K2

14
OUAL
Zu
ka
x3

195
50
o
110
0
H
2U
00
4
AREA
VI
M5
Bint flros
AREA
2
7e
Table 2. Tabulated data for Endocladia muricata
samples.
HI
11
J1
DI1
OUTFALL
H2
12
J2
67
13
C13
H3
J3
H4
14
C8
H5
15
C10
J4
5

Hf.
E
5
88
82
82
69
10
10
10
11
11
12.6
12.6
12.6
16
21
19
22
26
28
31
2.99
2.92
2.29
4.0
3.15
1.24
3.6
3.08
2.26
5.20
3.52
3.85
3.640
3.125
3.4
6.74
2.51
3.8
4.9
143
39
16
265
28
26
82
62
28
197
117
57
84
85
252
1138
84
188
74
47.83
13.8
6.99
66.25
8.9
20.93
22.75
20.13
12.38
37.88
33.24
14.82
23.1
27.2
75.74
20.47
33.43
49.47
15.1
8
3
5
7
12
8
9
10
10
11
15
33.72
18.18
24.58
42.2
26.6
3.71
2.19
6.66
7.529
1.79
2.12
2.99
3.27
3.35
3.60
2.10
5.27
2.56
3.98
4.81
4.22
4.19
3.79
4.29

2.2
1.6
2.5
2.1
1.02
0.99
1.87
1.98
2.3
5.1
1.4
2.4
1.9
2.28
2.68
2.41
2.37
2.37
2.57
10
11
12

H6
J5
16
C19
J6
H7
17
D8
H8
18
J7
38
19
D16
H9
J9
110
D9
J10
H1O

2
Hf.
E
ae
46
47
47
47
84
84
84
85
111
111
111
115
115
125
130
145
148
148
185
188
5
5.86
4.88
2.73
5.8
3.35
2.87
2.8
5.8
3.91
5.04
3.27
3.28
2.9
5.59
2.9
3.07
3.3
5.3
4.42
4.78
133
153
124
520
66
142
109
280
1.71
106
95
63
51
175
88
103
60
180
263
164
22.7
31.34
45.5
89.66
19.73
48.34
38.9
48.29
18.14
21.04
29.09
19.23
17.6
31.30
65.77
33.5
18.43
33.96
59.2
34.54
12
17
13
12
8
14
10
18
10
12
14
11
5
1)
47.31
38.82
22.77
18.4
48.53
28.63
46.87
6
2.58
4.14
3.47
3.10
5.01
2.95
6.08
4.22
1.97
5.53
3.54
1.74
2.85
3.47
4.78
2.54
4.79
4.39
1.45

1.97
2.4
3.78
2.1
2.63
1.95
2.92
2.5
1.62
2.8
2.0
1.27
1.73
2.2
2.7
0.81
2.73
2.5
0.98
1.3
Table 3.
Species composition for Endocladia
muricata samples. Numbers are numbers
of individuals per 100 grams dry weight
of algae. Species occuring in only one
sample are omitted.
8
2
—

25
HI
11
JI
218
50
25
DII
OUTFALL-
H2
12
138
J2
C7
32
13
C13
192
115
28
H3
J3
52
H4
137
82
14
736
1029
441
C8
118
44
H5
15
1115
C10
447
131
J4
489
H6
102
51
J5
1167
16
211
C19
293
153
149
J6
69
69
H7
714
17
75
D8
34
127
H8
153
18
654
J7
1132
J8
1434
19
172
161
D16
373
149
H9
J9
1659
242
110
1188
D9
320
J10
157
63
HIO
21
o
84
O
0 —
6 1
+0
o.
—

91
c0
11
85
1m
a
11
T

o
150
1000
750
35
87
25
1880
1125
L--------------
640
80
80
1110
27
970
162
660
44
44
88
288
1920
19
19
19
850
260
286
208
27
27
1370
54
8960
64
2558
647
29
740
489
59
797
597
39
2110
184
2040
407
520
17
17
40
620
40
20
1090
119
39
39
2590
68
51
597
537
2620
34
802
710
71
1107
142
1720
1155
17
1280
25
496
19
920
30
860
68
1340
536
17
2240
32
224
620
65
32
760
30
121
121
940
37
18
94
49
680
22
22
22
420
147
21
183
E
—
HI
70
11
43
J1
375
DII
OUTFALL-
78
H2
12
277
J2
194
C7
88
13
C13
461
38
312
183
114
302
14
128
C8
441
74
H5
44
239
15
473
C10
J4
101
H6
51
J5
348
16
543
C19
482
J6
119
H7
523
17
428
D8
224
H8
101
102
238
18
J7
214
J8
61
68
19
89
D16
H9
672
683
90
10
264
J10
112
126
H1O
a
35
---------
27
230
128
176
52
20
17
20
39
224
34
71
68
79
373
149
60
21
8
35
44
32
39
52
543
107
17
99
74
30

1525
50
125
35
886
319
174
86
23125
----------------------.
175
1774
665
519
129
176
44
346
153
2130
28
468
302
672
1705
500
578
478
1263
210
163
40
119
1313
737
40
81
119
438
4275
775
328
89
802
35
35
1068
102
79
257
520
91
274
30
91
586
858
1868
149
585
242
433
37
4852
2632
318
99
55
80
28
64
29
40
17
79
29
35
34
53
74
25
44
26
39
20
34
20
39
119
34
25
30
43
----
80
27
14
35
30
17
----
17
35
74
Figure 5. Distribution by phyla for Endocladia
muricata samples.
1
3

8


5

8
16A Ka
L
5




H10
110
09
110
19
H9
D 16
19
18
17
48
D 8
H7
16
c 15
He
c 10
HA
N3
c 13
c7
12
H 2
D11
J1
11
H1
LE

L
a
SON
Figure 6. Plot of mean diversity indices and
mean number of taxonomic groups against
the sample areas for Endocladia
muricata. Solid line shows Simpson
index, broken line shows Shannon¬
Weiner index.
12
13-
12-
10
OUTFAL


AREA
2

10
12
»1




2
r
2
2
TAble 4. Tabulated data for Prionitis lanceolata
samples.
A13
FI
G1
Al7
G2
A7
F2
A2
A15
A8
G3
F6
A16
A5
A12
G4
OUTFALL
F7
A19
A9

5
o
88
91
91
90
83
69
66
60
20
16
12
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.3
2.5
5.4
E
11.3
6.31
7.17
13.4
9.32
12.1
11.65
10.2
9.9
10.6
7.91
9.26
10.1
10.2
10.0
7.37
9.99
10.4
7.0
424
1172
68
60
16
260
304
22
27
86
105
0.354
67.22
163.46
5.07
6.49
1.32
22.32
0.88
0.61
0.66
9.48
32.84
0.09
2.16
2.70
11.6
10.5
0.3
0.86
2
11
8
6
5
2
13
0.35
60.55
8.17
3.58
16.46
5.49
3.89
2.0
2.83
2.37
1.81
1.43
2.67
1.08
3.6
1.5
4.2
2.09
1.03
0.0
1.18
1.17
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.5

2
0.8112
1.94
1.56
1.41
0.98
3.9999
0.3138
1.6577
0.6500
1.5566
1.46
0.1117
0.0
0.4394
0.4550
0.8126
0.3677
0.0
0.6500
A1O
F3
G5
A6
B2
G6
F4
G7
10 F5
B6
G8
11 F8
B7
B16
12 F9
G9
Bl1
O3 F10
G10
.
2
12.3
12.2
17
24
26
32
35
51
54
57
84
87
87
115
115
115
146
146
146
16.3
7.6
8.54
8.1
10.4
7.24
3.99
8.59
7.87
14.6
5.89
8.9
9.4
12:2
6.58
5.98
10.9
8.9
4.96
55
89
20
15
294
181
340
313
141
245
174
18
32
142
174
28
205
96
0.184
7.20
10.43
2.47
1.44
40.61
45.3
39.57
39.77
9.83
41.53
19.55
1.802
2.6
21.58
29.06
2.57
23.03
19.34
2
12
11
13
12
10
12
12
10
11
10
10
15
5.94
22.45
29.72
20.96
17.74
14.98
1.0
1.2
2.54
1.0
1.59
2.03
1.45
1.81
1.96
3.8
1.98
3.54
4.94
2.72
2.99
2.42
8.6
4.14
3.05
4

0.0
0.4394
1.78
0.0
1.64
1.69
1.15
1.61
1.21
2.24
1.74
1.74
2.89
3.37
2.09
1.73
2.93
3.14
2.14
(
Table 5. Species composition of Prionitis
samples. Numbers are numbers of
individuals per 100 grams dry
weight of algae. Species occuring
in only one sample are omitted.
72
Al3
FI
G1
Al7
G2
A7
F2
A2
A15
A8
G3
F6
A16
A5
Al2
G4
F7
A19
A9
A1O
F3
G5
A6
B2
G6
F4
G7
F5
B6
G8
F8
B7
B16
F9
G9
BII
F1O
G10
18
22
25
10
25
11
10
14
24
36
24
15
68
22
112
196
186
25
10
10
47
10
14
210
300
24
304
323
34
32
24
60
55
420
10
96
25
20
140
84
24
68
32
30
17
11
60
27
10
24
80
24
24
27
28
11
17
11
22
24
16
240
32
33
80
144
22
48
21
24
48
24
13
12
13
20
14
14
17
20
16
238
12
28
22
13
17
33
11
64
48
16
45
60
3170
8370
3730
5400
83
2146
500
500
200
6300
3241
1960
2500
1020
1000
32
70
18
660
600
250
12
3750
12
1270
510
562
24
1130
835
1120
1010
12
11
39
22

127
197
52
20
Al3
Fl
G1
A17
G2
A7
F2
A8
G3
F6
A16
OUTFALL
A5
A12
G4
F7
A19
A9
A1O
F3
G5
A6
B2
G6
F4
G7
F5
B6
G8
F8
B7
B16
F9
G9
BI1
F1O
G1O
A2
A15
84
20
310
400
33
80
45
60
130
120
440
80
170
250
50
160
330
27
560
200
60
312
22
80
27
122
84
80
165
30
170
88
10
90
360
40

75
20
26
10
14
12
52
14
22
40
17
11
60
12
10
11
oa
a-
0 C
1560
6080
130
300
120
280
275
2500
150
2500
1040
30
64
375
165
18
330

75
54

—
33
30
1430
66
70
360

30
15
17

36
20
10
70
15
a
1
15
20

—
Figure 7. Distribution by phyla for Prionitis
lanceolata samples.
8

—
e0





S
178
610
10
511
6 9
F 9
8 16
8 7
F 8
68
B 6
F 5
67
F 4
66
82
46
65
F 3
A 10
A 9
A 19
F 7
6 4
A12
45
A16
F 6
6 3
A 8
A15
42
12
A 7
62
A17
F1
A 13


L
—
a

L



o
e
6A7SON
Figure 8.
Plot of mean diversity indices and
mean number of taxonomic groups
against sample areas of Prionitis
lanceolata. Solid line shows
Simpson index, broken line shows
Shannon-Weiner index.
2

Ix


a


AREA
12-
10
5
4-
2-
4
2
2 3

5

3 9 10 11 12 13

81





2
OUT FALL
76
Table 6.
Tabulated data for Corralina vancouveriensus
samples.
LI
K1
L2
K3
K4
MI
OUTFALL¬
L4
K2
L3
M2
L5
K5
K6
M3
M4
K7
M5
K8
K9
L9
K1O
LIO
10
11
S

HE.
8.96
82
82
10.751
11.495
60
60
7.025
18
19.715
18
10.46
----
--------.
2.5
7.85
2.5 12.462
7.08
11
8.32
11
13
4.55
13
11.98
10.90
22
9.63
22
54
12.93
54
15.216
84
15.42
17.18
84
115
11.61
115
13.05
146
8.06
146
10.62

J.
——

2
264
29.46
27.99
301
10.61
122
16.79
118
75
3.80
73
6.98
-------------
73
9.3
47
3.77
115
16.2
94
11.29
26.59
121
73
6.09
8.89
97
87
9.03
95
7.347
97
6.37
120
7.78
119
6.9
9.39
109
221
16.93
90
11.16
14.49
154

18
10
11
8
8
11
12
13
11
14
12
12
14
17
18
15
5
6

7.88
28.78
2.72
13.68
5.32
3.87
5.38
2.13
2.06
--------------------
6.53
2.05
2.30
2.48
13.53
3.05
16.34
5.42
2.04
8.96
3.29
2.94
6.89
3.29
3.41
77.34
2.42
2.37
3.60
13.16
5.87
3.06
13.83
3.49
27

4.71
1.97
2.58
2.33
1.63
1.59
——-------
1.54
1.71
1.87
2.08
3.85
1.6
2.24
2.18
2.3
2.37
2.6
2.0
2.45
3.61
2.54
2.53
00
Table 7.
Species composition for Oorralina
vancouveriensus samples. Numbers
are numbers of individuals per 100
grams dry weight algae. Species
occuring in only one sample are
omitted.
1—
RERRRERE:
BGSOERÖSEE
4
FNU
POUFFPOUUPPOOONO
JNOOOUNOUEDOONE
Jooou
ooooo
oo
PN
8 88
OUN
8
OPUSPGGOOSGOENEUEBOGE
o OOSNOUONOOGIOGOONU

—
oооoоöL
O
GPUOF
POONEPOUEOUUP
DNIOGUNSO
Sc
80
S 0
S 0

S
8
E
8
P
S
GO
SE
50
SS
8p;o

00
SAMPLE SITE
NEMERTEA
ANNELIDA Unidentified
Nereidae
Syllidae
Terebellidae
Spionidae
Cirratulidae
Phyllodocidae
Ampharetidae
Phragmatopoma spp.
PORIFERA
Sponge. % bulk of sample
Tunicate
Unidentified.
% bulk of sample.
Polydontidae
Oligochaeta
203
XRER
AXPEER
PPOOOGSPOOGGSOSRRBTÖSEE
JE
O0
oc
o-8
S
oooo
Go
8
SGo6
o
oooouu
S
O

50
50
ooo

5
S
5
— —
ONOE
O-
-OPOC
UONQN
Foo oonu
ONO
UOOOPP

NN

So SS
85
8800
o
N
ooo
GN
50
20
SAMPLE SITE
ARTHROPODA
Isopoda
Dynamene
Cirolina harfordii
Amphi poda
Oligochinus
Hyalidae spp
Chellifera
Pagurapsuedes laevis
Eucarida
Pugettia spp.
Pagurus samuelis
Tethymia aptena (fly larvae)
MOLLUSCA
Barleeia spp.
Mohnia spp.
Tricolia spp.
Lacuna spp.
Volutomitra spp.
Turritolopsis spp.
Mytilus spp.
ECHINODERMATA
Pisaster spp.
Figure 9. Distribution by phyla for Corralina
vancouveriensus samples.
L
1

15 0
+

10
1
L

908
K 10
19
K 9
K 8
K 7
m 4
M3
K6
14
M
K4
K 3
K 1
11
LL

LE
a
Figure 10.
Plot of mean diversity indices and
mean number of taxonomic groups against
sample areas for Corralina
vancouveriensus.
Solid line shews Simpson index,
broken line shows Shannon-Weiner
index.
206
I
ARE
3-
2

4 5 6
10
1


2



20

a



1X
4
12-
2
OUTFALL
0
Figure 11.
Distribution of speies that show
the most variation found associated
with Corralina vancouveriensus
(top) and Prionitis lanceolata
(bottom). Circle indicates presence
of species at sample site.
Heavy double line represents the
location of the outfall.
0
—





2




O

—



L


0



0